Merge branch 'rust-vdf' into 'v1.4.19'

Switch to Rust VDF

See merge request quilibrium/ceremonyclient!2

.dockerignore

@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@
 github.env
 Taskfile.yaml
 
+# Rust
+target
+vdf/generated

.gitignore

@@ -8,3 +8,7 @@ ceremony-client
 .env.signers
 .task
 node-tmp-*
+build
+
+# Rust
+target

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Local development
+
+The following software is required for local development (assuming MacOS ARM):
+
+- Go 1.20 
+- Rust toolchain 
+- GMP 6.3: `brew install gmp`
+- Install the Go plugin for uniffi-rs: `cargo install uniffi-bindgen-go --git https://github.com/NordSecurity/uniffi-bindgen-go --tag v0.2.1+v0.25.0`
+
+# Building release binaries
+
+The following is software is required to build release binaries (assuming MacOS
+ARM) :
+
+- [Local development](#local-development) dependencies
+- Docker
+- [Taskfile](https://taskfile.dev/)
+
+Then from the repo root use the following commands to build the release binaries
+that statically link the [native VDF](./crates/vdf) for the supported platforms:
+
+```shell
+task build_node_arm64_macos
+task build_node_arm64_linux
+task build_node_arm64_macos
+```
+
+The output binaries will be in `node/build`.
+
+# Testing
+
+Testing the [`vdf`](./vdf) and [`node`](./node) packages requires linking the
+[native VDF](./crates/vdf). The `test.sh` scripts in the respective directories
+help with this.

Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# and limitations under the License.
+[workspace]
+members = [
+    "crates/vdf",
+    "crates/classgroup",
+]
+
+[profile.release]
+# rpath = false is important to make Go bindings work
+rpath = false
+lto   = true
+debug = false
+# panic = 'abort'

Dockerfile.source

@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
-FROM golang:1.20.14-alpine3.19 as build
+FROM golang:1.20.14-bullseye as build-base
+
+ENV PATH="${PATH}:/root/.cargo/bin/"
+
+# Install GMP 6.2 (6.3 which MacOS is using only available on Debian unstable)
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+  libgmp-dev \
+  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* 
+
+COPY docker/rustup-init.sh /opt/rustup-init.sh
+
+RUN /opt/rustup-init.sh -y --profile minimal
+
+# Install uniffi-bindgen-go
+RUN cargo install uniffi-bindgen-go --git https://github.com/NordSecurity/uniffi-bindgen-go --tag v0.2.1+v0.25.0
+
+FROM build-base as build
 
 ENV GOEXPERIMENT=arenas
 ENV QUILIBRIUM_SIGNATURE_CHECK=false
@@ -7,16 +23,27 @@ WORKDIR /opt/ceremonyclient
 
 COPY . .
 
+## Generate Rust bindings for VDF
+WORKDIR /opt/ceremonyclient/vdf
+RUN ./generate.sh
+
+# Build and install the node
 WORKDIR /opt/ceremonyclient/node
 
-RUN go install ./...
+RUN ./build.sh && cp node /go/bin
 RUN go install github.com/fullstorydev/grpcurl/cmd/grpcurl@latest
 
+# Build and install qclient
 WORKDIR /opt/ceremonyclient/client
 
 RUN go build -o qclient ./main.go
 
-FROM alpine:3.19
+# Allows exporting single binary
+FROM scratch AS node
+COPY --from=build /go/bin/node /node
+ENTRYPOINT [ "/node" ]
+
+FROM debian:bullseye
 
 ARG NODE_VERSION
 ARG GIT_REPO

Taskfile.yaml

@@ -31,6 +31,22 @@ tasks:
       - echo -n "Max Key ID:" && echo " {{.MAX_KEY_ID}}"
     silent: true
     
+  build_node_arm64_macos:
+    desc: Build the Quilibrium node binary for MacOS ARM. Assumes it's ran from the same platform. Outputs to node/build.
+    cmds:
+      - vdf/generate.sh
+      - node/build.sh -o build/arm64_macos/node
+
+  build_node_arm64_linux:
+    desc: Build the Quilibrium node binary for ARM64 Linux. Outputs to node/build.
+    cmds:
+      - docker build --platform linux/arm64 -f Dockerfile --output node/build/arm64_linux --target=node .
+
+  build_node_amd64_linux:
+    desc: Build the Quilibrium node binary for AMD64 Linux. Outputs to node/build.
+    cmds:
+      - docker build --platform linux/amd64 -f Dockerfile --output node/build/amd64_linux --target=node .
+
   build:source:
     desc: Build the Quilibrium docker image from source.
     cmds:

client/go.mod

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000 // indirect

client/go.sum

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200115085410-6d4e4cb37c7d/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200510223506-06a226fb4e37/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0 h1:PGVlW0xEltQnzFZ55hkuX5+KLyrMYhHld1YHO4AKcdc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:R0j02AL6hcrfOiy9T4ZYp/rcWeMxM3L6QYxlOuEG1mg=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 h1:mnl8DM0o513X8fdIkmyFE/5hTYxbwYOjDS/+rK6qpRI=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0/go.mod h1:Z1PMYSOR5nyMcyAVAIQSKCDwalqy85Aqn1x3Ws4L5DM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 h1:m64FZMko/V45gv0bNmrNYoDEq8U5YUhetc9cBWKS1TQ=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180719180050-a680a1efc54d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210420205809-ac73e9fd8988/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0 h1:25cE3gD+tdBA7lp7QfhuV+rJiE9YXTcS3VG1SqssI/Y=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 h1:rF+pYz3DAGSQAxAu1CbC7catZg4ebC4UIeIhKxBZvws=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=

crates/classgroup/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# and limitations under the License.
+[package]
+name = "classgroup"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Demi M. Obenour <demiobenour@gmail.com>"]
+description = """An implementation of class groups in Rust.  Uses GMP for arithmetic."""
+keywords = ["classgroup", "vdf"]
+repository = "https://github.com/poanetwork/vdf"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+num-traits = "0.2"
+libc = "0.2"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+criterion = ">=0.2"
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "classgroup-bench"
+harness = false
+path = "bench/bench.rs"

crates/classgroup/bench/bench.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate criterion;
+
+use classgroup::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, ClassGroup};
+use criterion::Criterion;
+use gmp::mpz::Mpz;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+fn bench_square(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        let m_2048 = -Mpz::from_str(
+            "201493927071865251625903550712920535753645598483515670853547009\
+             878440933309489362800393797428711071833308081461824159206915864\
+             150805748296170245037221957772328044276705571745811271212292422\
+             075849739248257870371300001313586036515879618764093772248760562\
+             386804073478433157526816295216137723803793411828867470089409596\
+             238958950007370719325959579892866588928887249912429688364409867\
+             895510817680171869190054122881274299350947669820596157115994418\
+             034091728887584373727555384075665624624856766441009974642693066\
+             751400054217209981490667208950669417773785631693879782993019167\
+             69407006303085854796535778826115224633447713584423",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let m_1024 = -Mpz::from_str(
+            "-11208471744389096429663063172516742066731683613191418514476174383781\
+             682509882427394963852743081347678693241523614532942268295868231081182\
+             819214054220080323345750407342623884342617809879459211722505867733607\
+             400509994975706778681543998242335468203860240586171413971485860382901\
+             6409314686266660248501773529803183",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let group_1024 = GmpClassGroup::generator_for_discriminant(m_1024);
+        let group_2048 = GmpClassGroup::generator_for_discriminant(m_2048);
+        let (group_1024_clone, group_2048_clone) = (group_1024.clone(), group_2048.clone());
+        c.bench_function("square 1024", move |b| {
+            b.iter(|| group_1024_clone.clone().square())
+        });
+        c.bench_function("multiply 1024", move |b| {
+            b.iter(|| &group_1024 * &group_1024)
+        });
+        c.bench_function("square 2048", move |b| {
+            b.iter(|| group_2048_clone.clone().square())
+        });
+        c.bench_function("multiply 2048", move |b| {
+            b.iter(|| &group_2048 * &group_2048)
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_square);
+criterion_main!(benches);

crates/classgroup/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use std::env;
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+
+    let target = env::var("TARGET").expect("cargo should have set this");
+    if target == "aarch64-apple-darwin" {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gmp/6.3.0/lib");
+    } else if target == "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/");
+    } else if target == "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/");
+    } else {
+        panic!("unsupported target {target}");
+    }
+}

crates/classgroup/src/gmp/ffi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use super::mpz::*;
+
+#[link(name = "gmp", kind = "static")]
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn __gmpz_fdiv_q(q: mpz_ptr, n: mpz_srcptr, d: mpz_srcptr);
+    pub fn __gmpz_cdiv_q(q: mpz_ptr, n: mpz_srcptr, d: mpz_srcptr);
+}

crates/classgroup/src/gmp/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#![warn(deprecated)]
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+
+extern crate libc;
+extern crate num_traits;
+
+mod ffi;
+pub mod mpz;
+pub mod sign;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test;

crates/classgroup/src/gmp/sign.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum Sign {
+    Negative,
+    Zero,
+    Positive,
+}
+

crates/classgroup/src/gmp/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+use super::mpz::mp_limb_t;
+use std;
+use libc::c_int;
+
+#[link(name = "gmp", kind = "static")]
+extern "C" {
+    static __gmp_bits_per_limb: c_int;
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[allow(unsafe_code)]
+fn test_limb_size() {
+    // We are assuming that the limb size is the same as the pointer size.
+    assert_eq!(std::mem::size_of::<mp_limb_t>() * 8,
+               unsafe { __gmp_bits_per_limb as usize });
+}
+
+mod mpz {
+    use super::super::mpz::Mpz;
+    use super::super::mpz::ProbabPrimeResult;
+    use super::super::sign::Sign;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    use std::convert::{From, Into};
+    use std::{i64, u64};
+
+    use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+    use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_set() {
+        let mut x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1000);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5000);
+        assert!(x != y);
+        x.set(&y);
+        assert!(x == y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_set_from_str_radix() {
+        let mut x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1000);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5000);
+        assert!(x != y);
+        assert!(x.set_from_str_radix("5000", 10));
+        assert!(x == y);
+        assert!(!x.set_from_str_radix("aaaa", 2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_from_str_radix_lower_bound() {
+        let _ = Mpz::from_str_radix("", 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_from_str_radix_upper_bound() {
+        let _ = Mpz::from_str_radix("", 63);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_set_from_str_radix_lower_bound() {
+        let mut x = Mpz::new();
+        x.set_from_str_radix("", 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_set_from_str_radix_upper_bound() {
+        let mut x = Mpz::new();
+        x.set_from_str_radix("", 63);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_eq() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(4242142195);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(4242142195);
+        let z: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(4242142196);
+
+        assert!(x == y);
+        assert!(x != z);
+        assert!(y != z);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ord() {
+        let x: Mpz = FromStr::from_str("40000000000000000000000").unwrap();
+        let y: Mpz = FromStr::from_str("45000000000000000000000").unwrap();
+        let z: Mpz = FromStr::from_str("50000000000000000000000").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(x < y && x < z && y < z);
+        assert!(x <= x && x <= y && x <= z && y <= z);
+        assert!(z > y && z > x && y > x);
+        assert!(z >= z && z >= y && z >= x && y >= x);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_div_zero() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let y = Mpz::new();
+        drop(x / y)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_rem_zero() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let y = Mpz::new();
+        drop(x % y)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_div_round() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        assert!((&x / &y).to_string() == (2i32 / 3).to_string());
+        assert!((&x / -&y).to_string() == (2i32 / -3).to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rem() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(20);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        assert!((&x % &y).to_string() == (20i32 % 3).to_string());
+        assert!((&x % 3).to_string() == (20i32 % 3).to_string());
+        assert!((&x % -&y).to_string() == (20i32 % -3).to_string());
+        assert!((-&x % &y).to_string() == (-20i32 % 3).to_string());
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn test_add() {
+    	let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+    	let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+    	let str5 = 5i32.to_string();
+    	assert!((&x + &y).to_string() == str5);
+    	assert!((&x + 3).to_string() == str5);
+    	assert!((&y + 2).to_string() == str5);
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sub() {
+    	let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+    	let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+    	assert!((&x - &y).to_string() == (-1i32).to_string());
+    	assert!((&y - &x).to_string() == 1i32.to_string());
+    	assert!((&y - 8).to_string() == (-5i32).to_string());
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mul() {
+    	let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+    	let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+    	assert!((&x * &y).to_string() == 6i32.to_string());
+    	assert!((&x * 3i64).to_string() == 6i32.to_string());
+    	assert!((&y * -5i64).to_string() == (-15i32).to_string());
+    	// check with values not fitting in 32 bits
+    	assert!((&x * 5000000000i64).to_string() == 10000000000i64.to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_str_radix() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(255);
+        assert!(x.to_str_radix(16) == "ff".to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_string() {
+        let x: Mpz = FromStr::from_str("1234567890").unwrap();
+        assert!(x.to_string() == "1234567890".to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invalid_str() {
+        let x: Result<Mpz, _> = FromStr::from_str("foobar");
+        assert!(x.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_clone() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(100);
+        let b = a.clone();
+        let aplusb: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(200);
+        assert!(b == a);
+        assert!(a + b == aplusb);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_int() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(150);
+        assert!(x.to_string() == "150".to_string());
+        assert!(x == FromStr::from_str("150").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_slice_u8() {
+        let v: Vec<u8> = vec!(255, 255);
+        let x: Mpz = From::from(&v[..]);
+        assert!(x.to_string() == "65535".to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_abs() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1000);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1000);
+        assert!(-&x == y);
+        assert!(x == -&y);
+        assert!(x == y.abs());
+        assert!(x.abs() == y.abs());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_div_floor() {
+        let two: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let eight: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(8);
+        let minuseight: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-8);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let minusthree: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-3);
+        assert_eq!(eight.div_floor(&three), two);
+        assert_eq!(eight.div_floor(&minusthree), minusthree);
+        assert_eq!(minuseight.div_floor(&three), minusthree);
+        assert_eq!(minuseight.div_floor(&minusthree), two);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mod_floor() {
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let minusone: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1);
+        let two: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let minustwo: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-2);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let minusthree: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-3);
+        let eight: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(8);
+        let minuseight: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-8);
+        assert_eq!(eight.mod_floor(&three), two);
+        assert_eq!(eight.mod_floor(&minusthree), minusone);
+        assert_eq!(minuseight.mod_floor(&three), one);
+        assert_eq!(minuseight.mod_floor(&minusthree), minustwo);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bitand() {
+        let a = 0b1001_0111;
+        let b = 0b1100_0100;
+        let mpza: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a);
+        let mpzb: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(b);
+        let mpzres: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a & b);
+        assert!(mpza & mpzb == mpzres);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bitor() {
+        let a = 0b1001_0111;
+        let b = 0b1100_0100;
+        let mpza: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a);
+        let mpzb: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(b);
+        let mpzres: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a | b);
+        assert!(mpza | mpzb == mpzres);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bitxor() {
+        let a = 0b1001_0111;
+        let b = 0b1100_0100;
+        let mpza: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a);
+        let mpzb: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(b);
+        let mpzres: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(a ^ b);
+        assert!(mpza ^ mpzb == mpzres);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_shifts() {
+        let i = 227;
+        let j: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(i);
+        assert!((i << 4).to_string() == (&j << 4).to_string());
+        assert!((-i << 4).to_string() == (-&j << 4).to_string());
+        assert!((i >> 4).to_string() == (&j >> 4).to_string());
+        assert!((-i >> 4).to_string() == (-&j >> 4).to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compl() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(13);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-442);
+        assert!(a.compl().to_string() == (!13i32).to_string());
+        assert!(b.compl().to_string() == (!-442i32).to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pow() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(8);
+        assert!(a.pow(3) == b);
+        assert!(Mpz::ui_pow_ui(2, 3) == b);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_powm() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(13);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(7);
+        let p: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(19);
+        let c: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(10);
+        assert!(a.powm(&b, &p) == c);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_powm_sec() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(13);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(7);
+        let p: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(19);
+        let c: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(10);
+        assert!(a.powm_sec(&b, &p) == c);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_popcount() {
+        assert_eq!(Mpz::from_str_radix("1010010011", 2).unwrap().popcount(), 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hamdist() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0b1011_0001);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0b0010_1011);
+        assert!(a.hamdist(&b) == 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bit_length() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0b1011_0000_0001_0000);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0b101);
+        assert!(a.bit_length() == 16);
+        assert!(b.bit_length() == 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_probab_prime() {
+        let prime: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        assert!(prime.probab_prime(15) == ProbabPrimeResult::Prime);
+        
+        let not_prime: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(4);
+        assert!(not_prime.probab_prime(15) == ProbabPrimeResult::NotPrime);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nextprime() {
+        let a: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(123456);
+        let b: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(123457);
+        assert!(a.nextprime() == b);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_gcd() {
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let six: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(6);
+        let eighteen: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(18);
+        let twentyfour: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(24);
+        assert!(zero.gcd(&zero) == zero);
+        assert!(three.gcd(&six) == three);
+        assert!(eighteen.gcd(&twentyfour) == six);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_gcdext() {
+        let six: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(6);
+        let eighteen: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(18);
+        let twentyfour: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(24);
+        let (g, s, t) = eighteen.gcdext(&twentyfour);
+        assert!(g == six);
+        assert!(g == s*eighteen + t*twentyfour);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_lcm() {
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let six: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(6);
+        let eighteen: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(18);
+        let twentyfour: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(24);
+        let seventytwo: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(72);
+        assert!(zero.lcm(&five) == zero);
+        assert!(five.lcm(&zero) == zero);
+        assert!(three.lcm(&six) == six);
+        assert!(eighteen.lcm(&twentyfour) == seventytwo);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_multiple_of() {
+        let two: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let six: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(6);
+        assert!(six.is_multiple_of(&two));
+        assert!(six.is_multiple_of(&three));
+        assert!(!three.is_multiple_of(&two));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modulus() {
+        let minusone: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1);
+        let two: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        assert_eq!(two.modulus(&three), two);
+        assert_eq!(minusone.modulus(&three), two);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invert() {
+        let two: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(2);
+        let three: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(3);
+        let four: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(4);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let eleven: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(11);
+        assert!(three.invert(&eleven) == Some(four.clone()));
+        assert!(four.invert(&eleven) == Some(three.clone()));
+        assert!(two.invert(&five) == Some(three.clone()));
+        assert!(three.invert(&five) == Some(two.clone()));
+        assert!(two.invert(&four).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_one() {
+        let onea: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let oneb: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        assert!(onea == oneb);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bit_fiddling() {
+        let mut xs: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0b1010_1000_0010_0011);
+        assert!(xs.bit_length() == 16);
+        let mut ys = [true, false, true, false,
+                      true, false, false, false,
+                      false, false, true, false,
+                      false, false, true, true];
+        ys.reverse();
+        for i in 0..xs.bit_length() {
+            assert!(xs.tstbit(i) == ys[i]);
+        }
+        xs.setbit(0);
+        ys[0] = true;
+        xs.setbit(3);
+        ys[3] = true;
+        xs.clrbit(1);
+        ys[1] = false;
+        xs.clrbit(5);
+        ys[5] = false;
+        xs.combit(14);
+        ys[14] = !ys[14];
+        xs.combit(15);
+        ys[15] = !ys[15];
+        for i in 0..xs.bit_length() {
+            assert!(xs.tstbit(i) == ys[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(123456);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(49);
+        assert!(x.root(3) == y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sqrt() {
+        let x: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(567);
+        let y: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(23);
+        assert!(x.sqrt() == y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hash_short() {
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let two = &one + &one;
+
+        let hash = |x : &Mpz| {
+            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+            x.hash(&mut hasher);
+            hasher.finish()
+        };
+
+        assert!(hash(&zero) != hash(&one));
+        assert_eq!(hash(&one), hash(&(&two - &one)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hash_long() {
+        let a = Mpz::from_str_radix("348917329847193287498312749187234192387", 10)
+                .unwrap();
+        let b = Mpz::from_str_radix("348917329847193287498312749187234192386", 10)
+                .unwrap();
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+
+        let hash = |x : &Mpz| {
+            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+            x.hash(&mut hasher);
+            hasher.finish()
+        };
+
+        assert!(hash(&a) != hash(&b));
+        assert_eq!(hash(&a), hash(&(&b + &one)));
+        assert_eq!(hash(&(&a - &a)), hash(&(&one - &one)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_vec_u8() {
+        let minus_five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-5);
+        let minus_one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1);
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let xffff: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(65535);
+        let max_u64: Mpz = From::<u64>::from(u64::MAX);
+
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&minus_five), vec!(5u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&minus_one), vec!(1u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&zero), vec!(0u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&one), vec!(1u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&five), vec!(5u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&xffff), vec!(255u8, 255u8));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Vec<u8>>::into(&max_u64), vec!(255u8, 255u8, 255u8, 255u8, 255u8, 255u8, 255u8, 255u8));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_u64() {
+        let minus_five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-5);
+        let minus_one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1);
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let max_u64: Mpz = From::<u64>::from(u64::MAX);
+
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&minus_five), None);
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&minus_one), None);
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&zero), Some(0u64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&one), Some(1u64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&five), Some(5u64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&max_u64), Some(u64::MAX));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<u64>>::into(&(&max_u64 + &one)), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_i64() {
+        let min_i64: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(i64::MIN);
+        let minus_five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-5);
+        let minus_one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-1);
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let one: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(1);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let max_i64: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(i64::MAX);
+
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&(&min_i64 - &one)), None);
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&min_i64), Some(i64::MIN));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&minus_five), Some(-5i64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&minus_one), Some(-1i64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&zero), Some(0i64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&one), Some(1i64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&five), Some(5i64));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&max_i64), Some(i64::MAX));
+        assert_eq!(Into::<Option<i64>>::into(&(&max_i64 + &one)), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sign() {
+        let zero: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(0);
+        let five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(5);
+        let minus_five: Mpz = From::<i64>::from(-5);
+
+        assert_eq!(zero.sign(), Sign::Zero);
+        assert_eq!(five.sign(), Sign::Positive);
+        assert_eq!(minus_five.sign(), Sign::Negative);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format() {
+        let zero = Mpz::zero();
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", zero), "0");
+        let zero = Mpz::from(-51213);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", zero), "-51213");
+    }
+}

crates/classgroup/src/gmp_classgroup/congruence.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+use self::ffi::Mpz;
+use super::ffi;
+
+/// Stores temporary values for congruence computations, to avoid
+/// repeated allocations.
+///
+/// It is allowed (but inefficient) to generate a fresh `CongruenceContest`
+/// for each call to `solve_linear_congruence`.
+///
+/// `self.solve_linear_congruence` can be called no matter what values
+/// this struct’s public members hold, so long as they are valid `Mpz` values.
+/// However, the values of these members after such a call must not be relied
+/// on.
+#[derive(Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug)]
+pub struct CongruenceContext {
+    pub g: Mpz,
+    pub d: Mpz,
+    pub q: Mpz,
+    pub r: Mpz,
+}
+
+// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug)]
+// struct NoCongruence;
+
+impl Default for CongruenceContext {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            g: Mpz::new(),
+            d: Mpz::new(),
+            q: Mpz::new(),
+            r: Mpz::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CongruenceContext {
+    /// Solves `a*x = b (mod m)`, storing `x` in `mu`
+    ///
+    /// This function may clobber any or all of `self`’s member variables.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the congruence could not be solved.
+    pub fn solve_linear_congruence(
+        &mut self,
+        mu: &mut Mpz,
+        v: Option<&mut Mpz>,
+        a: &Mpz,
+        b: &Mpz,
+        m: &Mpz,
+    ) {
+        ffi::mpz_gcdext(&mut self.g, &mut self.d, mu, a, m);
+        if cfg!(test) {
+            println!(
+                "g = {}, d = {}, e = {}, a = {}, m = {}",
+                self.g, self.d, mu, a, m
+            );
+        }
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            ffi::mpz_fdiv_qr(&mut self.q, &mut self.r, b, &self.g);
+            debug_assert!(self.r.is_zero(), "Could not solve the congruence ― did you pass a non-prime or a positive number to the command line tool?!");
+        } else {
+            ffi::mpz_divexact(&mut self.q, b, &self.g)
+        }
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.r, &self.q, &self.d);
+        ffi::mpz_tdiv_r(mu, &self.r, m);
+        if let Some(v) = v {
+            if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+                ffi::mpz_fdiv_qr(v, &mut self.r, &m, &self.g);
+                debug_assert!(self.r.is_zero(), "Could not solve the congruence ― did you pass a non-prime or a positive number to the command line tool?!");
+            } else {
+                ffi::mpz_divexact(v, &m, &self.g)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/classgroup/src/gmp_classgroup/ffi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! FFI bindings to GMP.  This module exists because the `rust-gmp` crate
+//! is too high-level.  High-performance bignum computation requires that
+//! bignums be modified in-place, so that their storage can be reused.
+//! Furthermore, the `rust-gmp` crate doesn’t support many operations that
+//! this library requires.
+#![allow(unsafe_code)]
+pub use super::super::gmp::mpz::Mpz;
+use super::super::gmp::mpz::{mp_bitcnt_t, mp_limb_t};
+use libc::{c_int, c_long, c_ulong, c_void, size_t};
+// pub use c_ulong;
+use std::{mem, usize};
+// We use the unsafe versions to avoid unecessary allocations.
+#[link(name = "gmp", kind = "static")]
+extern "C" {
+    fn __gmpz_gcdext(gcd: *mut Mpz, s: *mut Mpz, t: *mut Mpz, a: *const Mpz, b: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_gcd(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_fdiv_qr(q: *mut Mpz, r: *mut Mpz, b: *const Mpz, g: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_fdiv_q(q: *mut Mpz, n: *const Mpz, d: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_divexact(q: *mut Mpz, n: *const Mpz, d: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_tdiv_q(q: *mut Mpz, n: *const Mpz, d: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_mul(p: *mut Mpz, a: *const Mpz, b: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_mul_2exp(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: mp_bitcnt_t);
+    fn __gmpz_sub(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_import(
+        rop: *mut Mpz,
+        count: size_t,
+        order: c_int,
+        size: size_t,
+        endian: c_int,
+        nails: size_t,
+        op: *const c_void,
+    );
+    fn __gmpz_tdiv_r(r: *mut Mpz, n: *const Mpz, d: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_sizeinbase(op: &Mpz, base: c_int) -> size_t;
+    fn __gmpz_fdiv_q_ui(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: c_ulong) -> c_ulong;
+    fn __gmpz_add(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: *const Mpz);
+    fn __gmpz_add_ui(rop: *mut Mpz, op1: *const Mpz, op2: c_ulong);
+    fn __gmpz_set_ui(rop: &mut Mpz, op: c_ulong);
+    fn __gmpz_set_si(rop: &mut Mpz, op: c_long);
+    fn __gmpz_cdiv_ui(n: &Mpz, d: c_ulong) -> c_ulong;
+    fn __gmpz_fdiv_ui(n: &Mpz, d: c_ulong) -> c_ulong;
+    fn __gmpz_tdiv_ui(n: &Mpz, d: c_ulong) -> c_ulong;
+    fn __gmpz_export(
+        rop: *mut c_void,
+        countp: *mut size_t,
+        order: c_int,
+        size: size_t,
+        endian: c_int,
+        nails: size_t,
+        op: &Mpz,
+    ) -> *mut c_void;
+    fn __gmpz_powm(rop: *mut Mpz, base: *const Mpz, exp: *const Mpz, modulus: *const Mpz);
+}
+
+// MEGA HACK: rust-gmp doesn’t expose the fields of this struct, so we must define
+// it ourselves and cast.
+//
+// Should be stable though, as only GMP can change it, and doing would break binary compatibility.
+#[repr(C)]
+struct MpzStruct {
+    mp_alloc: c_int,
+    mp_size: c_int,
+    mp_d: *mut mp_limb_t,
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_div_ui {
+    ($t:ident, $i:ident, $f:expr) => {
+        pub fn $i(n: &Mpz, d: $t) -> $t {
+            use std::$t;
+            let res = unsafe { $f(n, c_ulong::from(d)) };
+            assert!(res <= $t::MAX.into());
+            res as $t
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_div_ui!(u16, mpz_crem_u16, __gmpz_cdiv_ui);
+impl_div_ui!(u32, mpz_frem_u32, __gmpz_fdiv_ui);
+
+/// Returns `true` if `z` is negative and not zero.  Otherwise,
+/// returns `false`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_is_negative(z: &Mpz) -> bool {
+    unsafe { (*(z as *const _ as *const MpzStruct)).mp_size < 0 }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_powm(rop: &mut Mpz, base: &Mpz, exponent: &Mpz, modulus: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_powm(rop, base, exponent, modulus) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_tdiv_r(r: &mut Mpz, n: &Mpz, d: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_tdiv_r(r, n, d) }
+}
+
+/// Sets `g` to the GCD of `a` and `b`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_gcdext(gcd: &mut Mpz, s: &mut Mpz, t: &mut Mpz, a: &Mpz, b: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_gcdext(gcd, s, t, a, b) }
+}
+
+/// Doubles `rop` in-place
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_double(rop: &mut Mpz) {
+    if true {
+        // slightly faster
+        unsafe { __gmpz_mul_2exp(rop, rop, 1) }
+    } else {
+        unsafe { __gmpz_add(rop, rop, rop) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_fdiv_qr(q: &mut Mpz, r: &mut Mpz, b: &Mpz, g: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_fdiv_qr(q, r, b, g) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_fdiv_q_ui_self(rop: &mut Mpz, op: c_ulong) -> c_ulong {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_fdiv_q_ui(rop, rop, op) }
+}
+
+/// Unmarshals a buffer to an `Mpz`.  `buf` is interpreted as a 2’s complement,
+/// big-endian integer.  If the buffer is empty, zero is returned.
+pub fn import_obj(buf: &[u8]) -> Mpz {
+    fn raw_import(buf: &[u8]) -> Mpz {
+        let mut obj = Mpz::new();
+
+        unsafe { __gmpz_import(&mut obj, buf.len(), 1, 1, 1, 0, buf.as_ptr() as *const _) }
+        obj
+    }
+    let is_negative = match buf.first() {
+        None => return Mpz::zero(),
+        Some(x) => x & 0x80 != 0,
+    };
+    if !is_negative {
+        raw_import(buf)
+    } else {
+        let mut new_buf: Vec<_> = buf.iter().cloned().skip_while(|&x| x == 0xFF).collect();
+        if new_buf.is_empty() {
+            (-1).into()
+        } else {
+            for i in &mut new_buf {
+                *i ^= 0xFF
+            }
+            !raw_import(&new_buf)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn three_gcd(rop: &mut Mpz, a: &Mpz, b: &Mpz, c: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe {
+        __gmpz_gcd(rop, a, b);
+        __gmpz_gcd(rop, rop, c)
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn size_in_bits(obj: &Mpz) -> usize {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_sizeinbase(obj, 2) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_add(rop: &mut Mpz, op1: &Mpz, op2: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_add(rop, op1, op2) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_mul(rop: &mut Mpz, op1: &Mpz, op2: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_mul(rop, op1, op2) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_divexact(q: &mut Mpz, n: &Mpz, d: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_divexact(q, n, d) }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_mul_2exp(rop: &mut Mpz, op1: &Mpz, op2: mp_bitcnt_t) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_mul_2exp(rop as *mut _ as *mut Mpz, op1, op2) }
+}
+
+/// Divide `n` by `d`.  Round towards -∞ and place the result in `q`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_fdiv_q(q: &mut Mpz, n: &Mpz, d: &Mpz) {
+    if mpz_is_negative(n) == mpz_is_negative(d) {
+        unsafe { __gmpz_tdiv_q(q, n, d) }
+    } else {
+        unsafe { __gmpz_fdiv_q(q, n, d) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sets `rop` to `(-1) * op`
+#[inline]
+#[cfg(none)]
+pub fn mpz_neg(rop: &mut Mpz) {
+    assert!(mem::size_of::<Mpz>() == mem::size_of::<MpzStruct>());
+    unsafe {
+        let ptr = rop as *mut _ as *mut MpzStruct;
+        let v = (*ptr).mp_size;
+        (*ptr).mp_size = -v;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Subtracts `op2` from `op1` and stores the result in `rop`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn mpz_sub(rop: &mut Mpz, op1: &Mpz, op2: &Mpz) {
+    unsafe { __gmpz_sub(rop as *mut _ as *mut Mpz, op1, op2) }
+}
+
+/// Exports `obj` to `v` as an array of 2’s complement, big-endian
+/// bytes.  If `v` is too small to hold the result, returns `Err(s)`,
+/// where `s` is the size needed to hold the exported version of `obj`.
+pub fn export_obj(obj: &Mpz, v: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), usize> {
+    // Requires: offset < v.len() and v[offset..] be able to hold all of `obj`
+    unsafe fn raw_export(v: &mut [u8], offset: usize, obj: &Mpz) -> usize {
+        // SAFE as `offset` will always be in-bounds, since byte_len always <=
+        // byte_len_needed and we check that v.len() >= byte_len_needed.
+        let ptr = v.as_mut_ptr().add(offset) as *mut c_void;
+
+        // Necessary ― this byte may not be fully overwritten
+        *(ptr as *mut u8) = 0;
+
+        // SAFE as __gmpz_export will *always* initialize this.
+        let mut s: usize = mem::uninitialized();
+        let ptr2 = __gmpz_export(ptr, &mut s, 1, 1, 1, 0, obj);
+        assert_eq!(ptr, ptr2);
+        if 0 == s {
+            1
+        } else {
+            s
+        }
+    }
+
+    let size = size_in_bits(obj);
+    assert!(size > 0);
+
+    // Check to avoid integer overflow in later operations.
+    if size > usize::MAX - 8 || v.len() > usize::MAX >> 3 {
+        return Err(usize::MAX);
+    }
+
+    // One additional bit is needed for the sign bit.
+    let byte_len_needed = (size + 8) >> 3;
+    if v.len() < byte_len_needed {
+        return if v.is_empty() && obj.is_zero() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(byte_len_needed)
+        };
+    }
+    let is_negative = mpz_is_negative(obj);
+
+    if is_negative {
+        // MEGA HACK: GMP does not have a function to perform 2's complement
+        let obj = !obj;
+        debug_assert!(
+            !mpz_is_negative(&obj),
+            "bitwise negation of a negative number produced a negative number"
+        );
+        let new_byte_size = (size_in_bits(&obj) + 7) >> 3;
+        let offset = v.len() - new_byte_size;
+
+        for i in &mut v[..offset] {
+            *i = 0xFF
+        }
+        unsafe {
+            assert_eq!(raw_export(v, offset, &obj), new_byte_size);
+        }
+
+        // We had to do a one’s complement to get the data in a decent format,
+        // so now we need to flip all of the bits back.  LLVM should be able to
+        // vectorize this loop easily.
+        for i in &mut v[offset..] {
+            *i ^= 0xFF
+        }
+    } else {
+        // ...but GMP will not include that in the number of bytes it writes
+        // (except for negative numbers)
+        let byte_len = (size + 7) >> 3;
+        assert!(byte_len > 0);
+
+        let offset = v.len() - byte_len;
+
+        // Zero out any leading bytes
+        for i in &mut v[..offset] {
+            *i = 0
+        }
+        unsafe {
+            assert_eq!(raw_export(v, offset, &obj), byte_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn check_expected_bit_width() {
+        let mut s: Mpz = (-2).into();
+        assert_eq!(size_in_bits(&s), 2);
+        s = !s;
+        assert_eq!(s, 1.into());
+        s.setbit(2);
+        assert_eq!(s, 5.into());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_export() {
+        let mut s: Mpz = 0x100.into();
+        s = !s;
+        let mut buf = [0, 0, 0];
+        export_obj(&s, &mut buf).expect("buffer should be large enough");
+        assert_eq!(buf, [0xFF, 0xFE, 0xFF]);
+        export_obj(&Mpz::zero(), &mut []).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_rem() {
+        assert_eq!(mpz_crem_u16(&(-100i64).into(), 3), 1);
+        assert_eq!(mpz_crem_u16(&(100i64).into(), 3), 2);
+    }
+}

crates/classgroup/src/gmp_classgroup/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#![deny(unsafe_code)]
+use super::ClassGroup;
+use super::gmp::mpz::Mpz;
+use super::gmp::mpz::ProbabPrimeResult::NotPrime;
+use num_traits::{One, Zero};
+use std::{
+    borrow::Borrow,
+    cell::RefCell,
+    mem::swap,
+    ops::{Mul, MulAssign},
+};
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+
+mod congruence;
+pub(super) mod ffi;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GmpClassGroup {
+    a: Mpz,
+    b: Mpz,
+    c: Mpz,
+    discriminant: Mpz,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Clone, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct Ctx {
+    negative_a: Mpz,
+    r: Mpz,
+    denom: Mpz,
+    old_a: Mpz,
+    old_b: Mpz,
+    ra: Mpz,
+    s: Mpz,
+    x: Mpz,
+    congruence_context: congruence::CongruenceContext,
+    h: Mpz,
+    w: Mpz,
+    m: Mpz,
+    u: Mpz,
+    a: Mpz,
+    l: Mpz,
+    j: Mpz,
+    b: Mpz,
+    k: Mpz,
+    t: Mpz,
+    mu: Mpz,
+    v: Mpz,
+    sigma: Mpz,
+    lambda: Mpz,
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static CTX: RefCell<Ctx> = Default::default();
+}
+
+impl GmpClassGroup {
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> (Mpz, Mpz) {
+        (self.a, self.b)
+    }
+
+    fn inner_multiply(&mut self, rhs: &Self, ctx: &mut Ctx) {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        rhs.assert_valid();
+
+        // g = (b1 + b2) / 2
+        ffi::mpz_add(&mut ctx.congruence_context.g, &self.b, &rhs.b);
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q_ui_self(&mut ctx.congruence_context.g, 2);
+
+        // h = (b2 - b1) / 2
+        ffi::mpz_sub(&mut ctx.h, &rhs.b, &self.b);
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q_ui_self(&mut ctx.h, 2);
+
+        debug_assert!(&ctx.h + &ctx.congruence_context.g == rhs.b);
+        debug_assert!(&ctx.congruence_context.g - &ctx.h == self.b);
+
+        // w = gcd(a1, a2, g)
+        ffi::three_gcd(&mut ctx.w, &self.a, &rhs.a, &ctx.congruence_context.g);
+
+        // j = w
+        ctx.j.set(&ctx.w);
+
+        // s = a1/w
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.s, &self.a, &ctx.w);
+
+        // t = a2/w
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.t, &rhs.a, &ctx.w);
+
+        // u = g/w
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.u, &ctx.congruence_context.g, &ctx.w);
+
+        // a = t*u
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.t, &ctx.u);
+
+        // b = h*u - s*c1
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.b, &ctx.h, &ctx.u);
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.m, &ctx.s, &self.c);
+        ctx.b += &ctx.m;
+
+        // m = s*t
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.m, &ctx.s, &ctx.t);
+        ctx.congruence_context.solve_linear_congruence(
+            &mut ctx.mu,
+            Some(&mut ctx.v),
+            &ctx.a,
+            &ctx.b,
+            &ctx.m,
+        );
+
+        // a = t*v
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.t, &ctx.v);
+
+        // b = h - t * mu
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.m, &ctx.t, &ctx.mu);
+        ffi::mpz_sub(&mut ctx.b, &ctx.h, &ctx.m);
+
+        // m = s
+        ctx.m.set(&ctx.s);
+
+        ctx.congruence_context.solve_linear_congruence(
+            &mut ctx.lambda,
+            Some(&mut ctx.sigma),
+            &ctx.a,
+            &ctx.b,
+            &ctx.m,
+        );
+
+        // k = mu + v*lambda
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.v, &ctx.lambda);
+        ffi::mpz_add(&mut ctx.k, &ctx.mu, &ctx.a);
+
+        // l = (k*t - h)/s
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.l, &ctx.k, &ctx.t);
+        ffi::mpz_sub(&mut ctx.v, &ctx.l, &ctx.h);
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.l, &ctx.v, &ctx.s);
+
+        // m = (t*u*k - h*u - c*s) / s*t
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.m, &ctx.t, &ctx.u);
+        ctx.m *= &ctx.k;
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.h, &ctx.u);
+        ctx.m -= &ctx.a;
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &self.c, &ctx.s);
+        ctx.m -= &ctx.a;
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.s, &ctx.t);
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.lambda, &ctx.m, &ctx.a);
+
+        // A = s*t - r*u
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.a, &ctx.s, &ctx.t);
+
+        // B = ju + mr - (kt + ls)
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.b, &ctx.j, &ctx.u);
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.k, &ctx.t);
+        self.b -= &ctx.a;
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.l, &ctx.s);
+        self.b -= &ctx.a;
+
+        // C = kl - jm
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.c, &ctx.k, &ctx.l);
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.j, &ctx.lambda);
+        self.c -= &ctx.a;
+
+        self.inner_reduce(ctx);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), inline(always))]
+    fn new(a: Mpz, b: Mpz, c: Mpz, discriminant: Mpz) -> Self {
+        let s = GmpClassGroup {
+            a,
+            b,
+            c,
+            discriminant,
+        };
+        s.assert_valid();
+        s
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), inline(always))]
+    fn assert_valid(&self) {
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            let four: Mpz = 4u64.into();
+            let four_ac: Mpz = four * &self.a * &self.c;
+            assert!(&self.discriminant + four_ac == &self.b * &self.b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn inner_normalize(&mut self, ctx: &mut Ctx) {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        ctx.negative_a = -&self.a;
+        if self.b > ctx.negative_a && self.b <= self.a {
+            return;
+        }
+        ffi::mpz_sub(&mut ctx.r, &self.a, &self.b);
+        ffi::mpz_mul_2exp(&mut ctx.denom, &self.a, 1);
+        ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut ctx.negative_a, &ctx.r, &ctx.denom);
+        swap(&mut ctx.negative_a, &mut ctx.r);
+        swap(&mut ctx.old_b, &mut self.b);
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.ra, &ctx.r, &self.a);
+        ffi::mpz_mul_2exp(&mut ctx.negative_a, &ctx.ra, 1);
+        ffi::mpz_add(&mut self.b, &ctx.old_b, &ctx.negative_a);
+
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.negative_a, &ctx.ra, &ctx.r);
+        ffi::mpz_add(&mut ctx.old_a, &self.c, &ctx.negative_a);
+
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.ra, &ctx.r, &ctx.old_b);
+        ffi::mpz_add(&mut self.c, &ctx.old_a, &ctx.ra);
+
+        self.assert_valid();
+    }
+
+    fn inner_reduce(&mut self, ctx: &mut Ctx) {
+        self.inner_normalize(ctx);
+
+        while if ffi::mpz_is_negative(&self.b) {
+            self.a >= self.c
+        } else {
+            self.a > self.c
+        } {
+            debug_assert!(!self.c.is_zero());
+            ffi::mpz_add(&mut ctx.s, &self.c, &self.b);
+            ffi::mpz_add(&mut ctx.x, &self.c, &self.c);
+            swap(&mut self.b, &mut ctx.old_b);
+            ffi::mpz_fdiv_q(&mut self.b, &ctx.s, &ctx.x);
+            swap(&mut self.b, &mut ctx.s);
+            swap(&mut self.a, &mut self.c);
+
+            // x = 2sc
+            ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.b, &ctx.s, &self.a);
+            ffi::mpz_mul_2exp(&mut ctx.x, &self.b, 1);
+
+            // b = x - old_b
+            ffi::mpz_sub(&mut self.b, &ctx.x, &ctx.old_b);
+
+            // x = b*s
+            ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.x, &ctx.old_b, &ctx.s);
+
+            // s = c*s^2
+            ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.old_b, &ctx.s, &ctx.s);
+            ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.s, &self.a, &ctx.old_b);
+
+            // c = s - x
+            ffi::mpz_sub(&mut ctx.old_a, &ctx.s, &ctx.x);
+
+            // c += a
+            self.c += &ctx.old_a;
+        }
+        self.inner_normalize(ctx);
+    }
+
+    fn inner_square_impl(&mut self, ctx: &mut Ctx) {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        ctx.congruence_context.solve_linear_congruence(
+            &mut ctx.mu,
+            None,
+            &self.b,
+            &self.c,
+            &self.a,
+        );
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.m, &self.b, &ctx.mu);
+        ctx.m -= &self.c;
+        ctx.m = ctx.m.div_floor(&self.a);
+
+        // New a
+        ctx.old_a.set(&self.a);
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.a, &ctx.old_a, &ctx.old_a);
+
+        // New b
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut ctx.a, &ctx.mu, &ctx.old_a);
+        ffi::mpz_double(&mut ctx.a);
+        self.b -= &ctx.a;
+
+        // New c
+        ffi::mpz_mul(&mut self.c, &ctx.mu, &ctx.mu);
+        self.c -= &ctx.m;
+        self.inner_reduce(ctx);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), inline(always))]
+    fn inner_square(&mut self, ctx: &mut Ctx) {
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            let mut q = self.clone();
+            q.inner_multiply(self, ctx);
+            self.inner_square_impl(ctx);
+            assert_eq!(*self, q);
+        } else {
+            self.inner_square_impl(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Call `cb` with a mutable reference to the context of type `Ctx`.
+    ///
+    /// The reference cannot escape the closure and cannot be sent across
+    /// threads.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called recursively.  This library guarantees that it will
+    /// never call this function from any function that takes a parameter of
+    /// type `&mut Ctx`.
+    pub fn with_context<T, U>(cb: T) -> U
+    where
+        T: FnOnce(&mut Ctx) -> U,
+    {
+        let mut opt = None;
+        CTX.with(|x| opt = Some(cb(&mut x.borrow_mut())));
+        opt.unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for GmpClassGroup {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        GmpClassGroup {
+            a: Mpz::new(),
+            b: Mpz::new(),
+            c: Mpz::new(),
+            discriminant: Mpz::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B: Borrow<GmpClassGroup>> MulAssign<B> for GmpClassGroup {
+    #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), inline(always))]
+    fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: B) {
+        let rhs = rhs.borrow();
+        debug_assert!(self.discriminant == rhs.discriminant);
+        GmpClassGroup::with_context(|ctx| self.inner_multiply(rhs, ctx));
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::BigNum for Mpz {
+    fn probab_prime(&self, iterations: u32) -> bool {
+        let reps: i32 = iterations.try_into().expect("Iterations fits into i32");
+        self.probab_prime(reps) != NotPrime
+    }
+
+    fn setbit(&mut self, bit_index: usize) {
+        self.setbit(bit_index)
+    }
+
+    fn mod_powm(&mut self, base: &Self, exponent: &Self, modulus: &Self) {
+        ffi::mpz_powm(self, base, exponent, modulus)
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::BigNumExt for Mpz {
+    fn frem_u32(&self, modulus: u32) -> u32 {
+        ffi::mpz_frem_u32(self, modulus)
+    }
+    fn crem_u16(&mut self, modulus: u16) -> u16 {
+        ffi::mpz_crem_u16(self, modulus)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B: Borrow<Self>> Mul<B> for GmpClassGroup {
+    type Output = Self;
+    #[inline]
+    fn mul(mut self, rhs: B) -> Self {
+        self *= rhs.borrow();
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, B: Borrow<GmpClassGroup>> Mul<B> for &'a GmpClassGroup {
+    type Output = GmpClassGroup;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn mul(self, rhs: B) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut s = Clone::clone(self.borrow());
+        s *= rhs;
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+impl ClassGroup for GmpClassGroup {
+    type BigNum = Mpz;
+
+    /// Normalize `self`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called within a call to `Self::with_context`.
+    fn normalize(&mut self) {
+        Self::with_context(|x| self.inner_normalize(x))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), inline(always))]
+    fn inverse(&mut self) {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        self.b = -self.b.clone();
+    }
+
+    fn serialize(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), usize> {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        if buf.len() & 1 == 1 {
+            // odd lengths do not make sense
+            Err(0)
+        } else {
+            let len = buf.len() >> 1;
+            ffi::export_obj(&self.a, &mut buf[..len])?;
+            ffi::export_obj(&self.b, &mut buf[len..])
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_bytes(bytearray: &[u8], discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        let len = (ffi::size_in_bits(&discriminant) + 16) >> 4;
+        let a = ffi::import_obj(&bytearray[..len]);
+        let b = ffi::import_obj(&bytearray[len..]);
+        Self::from_ab_discriminant(a, b, discriminant)
+    }
+
+    fn from_ab_discriminant(a: Self::BigNum, b: Self::BigNum, discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        let mut four_a: Self::BigNum = 4u64.into();
+        four_a *= &a;
+        let c = (&b * &b - &discriminant) / four_a;
+        Self {
+            a,
+            b,
+            c,
+            discriminant,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the discriminant of `self`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn discriminant(&self) -> &Self::BigNum {
+        &self.discriminant
+    }
+
+    fn size_in_bits(num: &Self::BigNum) -> usize {
+        ffi::size_in_bits(num)
+    }
+
+    /// Reduce `self`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called within a call to `Self::with_context`.
+    fn reduce(&mut self) {
+        Self::with_context(|x| self.inner_reduce(x))
+    }
+
+    fn deserialize(buf: &[u8], discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        let len = buf.len();
+        debug_assert!(len != 0, "Cannot deserialize an empty buffer!");
+        debug_assert!(len & 1 == 0, "Buffer must be of even length");
+        let half_len = len >> 1;
+        Self::from_ab_discriminant(
+            ffi::import_obj(&buf[..half_len]),
+            ffi::import_obj(&buf[half_len..]),
+            discriminant,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Square `self`.ClassGroupPartial
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called within the scope of a call to `with_context`.
+    fn square(&mut self) {
+        Self::with_context(|ctx| self.inner_square(ctx))
+    }
+
+    fn unsigned_deserialize_bignum(buf: &[u8]) -> Self::BigNum {
+        buf.into()
+    }
+
+    /// Square `self` `iterations` times.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called within the scope of a call to `with_context`.
+    fn repeated_square(&mut self, iterations: u64) {
+        Self::with_context(|ctx| {
+            for _ in 0..iterations {
+                self.inner_square(ctx)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn generator_for_discriminant(discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        let one: Mpz = One::one();
+        let x: Mpz = &one - &discriminant;
+        let mut form = Self::new(2.into(), one, x.div_floor(&8.into()), discriminant);
+        form.reduce();
+        form
+    }
+
+    fn pow(&mut self, mut exponent: Mpz) {
+        self.assert_valid();
+        debug_assert!(exponent >= Mpz::zero());
+        let mut state = self.identity();
+        loop {
+            let is_odd = exponent.tstbit(0);
+            exponent >>= 1;
+            if is_odd {
+                state *= &*self
+            }
+            if exponent.is_zero() {
+                *self = state;
+                break;
+            }
+            self.square();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Ctx {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            negative_a: Mpz::new(),
+            r: Mpz::new(),
+            denom: Mpz::new(),
+            old_a: Mpz::new(),
+            old_b: Mpz::new(),
+            ra: Mpz::new(),
+            s: Mpz::new(),
+            x: Mpz::new(),
+            congruence_context: Default::default(),
+            w: Mpz::new(),
+            m: Mpz::new(),
+            u: Mpz::new(),
+            l: Mpz::new(),
+            j: Mpz::new(),
+            t: Mpz::new(),
+            a: Mpz::new(),
+            b: Mpz::new(),
+            k: Mpz::new(),
+            h: Mpz::new(),
+            mu: Mpz::new(),
+            v: Mpz::new(),
+            sigma: Mpz::new(),
+            lambda: Mpz::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn do_compute(discriminant: Mpz, iterations: u64) -> GmpClassGroup {
+    debug_assert!(discriminant < Zero::zero());
+    debug_assert!(discriminant.probab_prime(50) != NotPrime);
+    let mut f = GmpClassGroup::generator_for_discriminant(discriminant);
+    f.repeated_square(iterations);
+    f
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    #![allow(unused_imports)]
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize() {
+        let mut s = GmpClassGroup::new(
+            16.into(),
+            (-23).into(),
+            5837_3892.into(),
+            (-0xdead_beefi64).into(),
+        );
+        let mut new = GmpClassGroup {
+            b: 9.into(),
+            c: 5837_3885.into(),
+            ..s.clone()
+        };
+        s.normalize();
+        assert_eq!(s, new);
+
+        s = GmpClassGroup {
+            a: (1 << 16).into(),
+            b: (-76951).into(),
+            c: 36840.into(),
+            ..s
+        };
+        new = GmpClassGroup {
+            b: 54121.into(),
+            c: 25425.into(),
+            ..s.clone()
+        };
+        s.normalize();
+        assert_eq!(s, new);
+    }
+}

crates/classgroup/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#![deny(unsafe_code)]
+use num_traits::{One, Zero};
+use std::ops::{Mul, MulAssign, Rem, ShlAssign};
+
+pub mod gmp;
+
+pub mod gmp_classgroup;
+pub use self::gmp_classgroup::{
+    do_compute,
+    ffi::{export_obj, import_obj},
+};
+pub trait BigNum:
+    Zero
+    + One
+    + Clone
+    + PartialOrd
+    + std::fmt::Debug
+    + Rem
+    + ShlAssign<usize>
+    + for<'a> MulAssign<&'a Self>
+    + std::ops::Sub<u64, Output = Self>
+    + std::ops::Add<u64, Output = Self>
+    + std::convert::From<u64>
+    + for<'a> std::convert::From<&'a [u8]>
+    + std::ops::Shl<usize, Output = Self>
+    + std::ops::Shr<usize, Output = Self>
+    + std::ops::Neg<Output = Self>
+    + std::str::FromStr
+    + for<'a> std::ops::Div<&'a Self, Output = Self>
+    + Eq
+    + std::hash::Hash
+{
+    fn probab_prime(&self, iterations: u32) -> bool;
+    fn setbit(&mut self, offset: usize);
+    fn mod_powm(&mut self, base: &Self, exponent: &Self, modulus: &Self);
+}
+
+pub trait BigNumExt: BigNum {
+    fn frem_u32(&self, modulus: u32) -> u32;
+    fn crem_u16(&mut self, modulus: u16) -> u16;
+}
+
+pub trait ClassGroup:
+    Sized + Clone + for<'a> MulAssign<&'a Self> + for<'a> Mul<&'a Self> + PartialEq + std::fmt::Debug
+{
+    type BigNum: BigNum;
+
+    /// Produces a `Self` from `a`, `b`, and a discriminant.
+    fn from_ab_discriminant(a: Self::BigNum, b: Self::BigNum, discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self;
+
+    /// Unmarshals a `Self` from a byte array and discriminant.
+    ///
+    /// The byte array will be in the format of two big-endian byte sequences
+    /// concatenated together.
+    fn from_bytes(bytearray: &[u8], discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self;
+
+    /// Computes the identity element of `Self` for a given discriminant.
+    ///
+    /// If the discriminant is not valid, the result is unspecified.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This may panic (but is not required to) if the discriminant is not
+    /// valid. If this function does not panic, the results of future
+    /// operations are unspecified: they will not invoke undefined behavior,
+    /// but may panic, loop forever, or just compute garbage.
+    ///
+    /// In debug builds, this will always panic if the discriminant is invalid.
+    fn identity_for_discriminant(discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ab_discriminant(Self::BigNum::one(), Self::BigNum::one(), discriminant)
+    }
+
+    /// Serializes `self` to a byte array.  Returns `Err(s)` if there
+    /// is not enough space in the buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The data must be serialized in twos-complement, big-endian format.
+    fn serialize(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::result::Result<(), usize>;
+
+    /// Deserializes a bignum from raw bytes.  The bytes **must** be interpreted
+    /// as a big-endian unsigned integer.
+    fn unsigned_deserialize_bignum(_: &[u8]) -> Self::BigNum;
+
+    /// Reduce `self` in-place.
+    fn reduce(&mut self);
+
+    /// Squares `self`, modifying it in-place.
+    ///
+    /// A default implementation is provided, but implementations are suggested
+    /// to override it for performance reasons.
+    fn square(&mut self) {
+        let s = self.clone();
+        self.mul_assign(&s)
+    }
+
+    /// Normalize `self`.
+    fn normalize(&mut self);
+
+    /// The length of `num` in **bits**
+    fn size_in_bits(num: &Self::BigNum) -> usize;
+
+    /// Gets the discriminant of `self`.
+    fn discriminant(&self) -> &Self::BigNum;
+
+    /// Computes the identity element of a `ClassGroup`.
+    fn identity(&self) -> Self {
+        Self::identity_for_discriminant(self.discriminant().clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Generates a *generator* for the class group of `Self`, given a
+    /// discriminant.
+    ///
+    /// If the discriminant is not valid, the result is unspecified.
+    ///
+    /// # Relation to `Self::identity_for_discriminant`
+    ///
+    /// This is *not* the same as `Self::identity_for_discriminant`: the
+    /// identity element is *never* a generator for *any* group.  This follows
+    /// from their definitions: the identity element, when multiplied by another
+    /// element, always gives that other element, whereas *every* element in the
+    /// group is some power of a generator.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This may panic (but is not required to) if the discriminant is not
+    /// valid. If this function does not panic, the results of future
+    /// operations are unspecified: they will not invoke undefined behavior,
+    /// but may panic, loop forever, or just compute garbage.
+    ///
+    /// If the global allocator panics on running out of memory, then this
+    /// function may panic in the same situation, but it may also just abort the
+    /// program instead.
+    ///
+    /// In debug builds, this will always panic if the discriminant is invalid.
+    fn generator_for_discriminant(discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self {
+        Self::from_ab_discriminant(2.into(), One::one(), discriminant)
+    }
+
+    /// Replaces `*self` with its inverse.
+    fn inverse(&mut self);
+
+    /// Squares `self` repeatedly in-place.
+    ///
+    /// Implementors of this trait are encouraged to override this
+    /// with a more efficient implementation, if one exists.
+    fn repeated_square(&mut self, iterations: u64) {
+        for _ in 0..iterations {
+            self.square()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exponentiation
+    fn pow(&mut self, exponent: Self::BigNum);
+
+    /// Deserialization
+    fn deserialize(buf: &[u8], discriminant: Self::BigNum) -> Self;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+
+    use std::{
+        fs::File,
+        io::{BufRead, BufReader},
+        path::PathBuf,
+    };
+
+    use super::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, ClassGroup};
+    use super::gmp::mpz::Mpz;
+
+    fn split_into_three_pieces(line: &str, c: char) -> [&str; 3] {
+        let mut iter = line.split(c);
+        let fst = iter.next().expect("bad test file");
+        let snd = iter.next().expect("bad test file");
+        let thd = iter.next().expect("bad test file");
+        assert!(iter.next().is_none(), "bad test file");
+        [fst, snd, thd]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiplication_is_correct() {
+        let manifest_path =
+            std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("cargo should have set this");
+        let mut path = PathBuf::from(&manifest_path);
+        path.push("tests/multiply.txt");
+        let mut f = BufReader::new(File::open(path).expect("test file missing or unreadable"));
+        let mut buffer = String::new();
+        loop {
+            let bytes_read = f
+                .read_line(&mut buffer)
+                .expect("could not read from test file");
+            assert!(bytes_read == buffer.len());
+            if bytes_read == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            if buffer.ends_with('\n') {
+                buffer.pop();
+            }
+            if buffer.ends_with('\r') {
+                buffer.pop();
+            }
+            let mut current_discriminant: Option<Mpz> = None;
+            let q: Vec<_> = split_into_three_pieces(&buffer, '|')
+                .iter()
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let k = split_into_three_pieces(i, ',');
+
+                    let a = Mpz::from_str_radix(k[0], 10).expect("bad test file");
+                    let b = Mpz::from_str_radix(k[1], 10).expect("bad test file");
+                    let c = Mpz::from_str_radix(k[2], 10).expect("bad test file");
+                    let mut discriminant: Mpz = &b * &b;
+                    let mut minuand: Mpz = (4u64).into();
+                    minuand *= &a * &c;
+                    discriminant -= &minuand;
+                    assert!(discriminant < Mpz::zero());
+                    // takes waaaay too long
+                    // assert!(discriminant.probab_prime(20) !=
+                    // gmp::mpz::ProbabPrimeResult::NotPrime);
+                    if let Some(ref q) = current_discriminant {
+                        assert_eq!(q, &discriminant, "mismatching discriminant in test files");
+                    } else {
+                        current_discriminant = Some(discriminant.clone());
+                    }
+                    GmpClassGroup::from_ab_discriminant(a, b, discriminant)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            assert_eq!(q.len(), 3);
+            if q[0] == q[1] {
+                let mut i = q[0].clone();
+                i.square();
+                assert_eq!(i, q[2]);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(&q[1] * &q[0], q[2], "multiplication not valid");
+            assert_eq!(&q[0] * &q[1], q[2], "multiplication not valid");
+            buffer.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+}

crates/classgroup/tests/multiply.txt

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crates/vdf/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# and limitations under the License.
+[package]
+name = "vdf"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Demi M. Obenour <demiobenour@gmail.com>"]
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = ["vdf", "classgroup", "crypto", "cryptography"]
+repository = "https://github.com/poanetwork/vdf"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+edition = "2018"
+description = "An implementation of Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) in Rust"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["lib", "staticlib"]
+name = "vdf"
+
+[dependencies]
+classgroup = { path = "../classgroup", version = "^0.1.0" }
+num-traits = "0.2"
+sha2 = "0.8"
+bit-vec = "0.5"
+uniffi = {  version= "0.25", features = ["cli"]}
+
+[build-dependencies]
+uniffi = { version = "0.25", features = [ "build" ] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+criterion = ">=0.2"
+hex = "0.3"
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "classgroup-bench"
+harness = false
+path = "bench/bench.rs"

crates/vdf/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) Implementation in Rust
+
+## What is a VDF?
+
+A Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) is a function that requires substantial time
+to evaluate (even with a polynomial number of parallel processors) but can be
+very quickly verified as correct. VDFs can be used to construct randomness
+beacons with multiple applications in a distributed network environment. By
+introducing a time delay during evaluation, VDFs prevent malicious actors from
+influencing output. The output cannot be differentiated from a random number
+until the final result is computed.  See <https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/712.pdf>
+for more details.
+
+## Description
+
+This VDF implementation is written in Rust.  The GMP library is used for
+arithmetic and greatest common divisor (GCD) calculations.  We use class groups
+to implement the approaches described in the following papers:
+
+1. [Simple Verifiable Delay Functions](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/627.pdf). Pietrzak, 2018
+2. [Efficient Verifiable Delay Functions](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/623.pdf). Wesolowski, 2018
+
+The chosen generator is (2, 1, c), where c is calculated from the provided
+discriminant.  A form is represented internally (a, b, c), with the
+discriminant not being used in most omputations.  This implementation performs
+reduction is performed after every multiplication and squaring, as not doing so
+did not give any gains in our benchmarks.
+
+
+This repo includes three crates:
+
+* `classgroup`: a class group implementation, as well as a trait for class
+    groups.
+* `vdf`: a Verifyable Delay Function (VDF) trait, as well as an
+    implementation of that trait.
+* `vdf-cli`: a command-line interface to the vdf crate. It also includes
+    additional commands, which are deprecated and will be replaced by a CLI to
+    the classgroup crate.
+
+## Usage
+
+- Install [Rust].  We (POA Networks) have tested the code with the latest
+    stable, beta, and nightly versions of Rust.  It may work with older
+    versions, but this is not guaranteed.
+- Install the [GNU Multiple Precision Library](https://gmplib.org/)
+    * On Debian and derivatives (including Ubuntu):
+        ```sh
+        $ sudo apt-get install -y libgmp-dev
+        ```
+    * On Red Hat and derivatives (Fedora, CentOS)
+        ```sh
+        $ sudo dnf -y install gmp-devel
+        ```
+- Download and prepare the repository
+
+    ```sh
+    $ git clone https://github.com/poanetwork/vdf.git
+    $ cargo install --path=vdf-cli
+    $ # or for the competition binary
+    $ cargo install --path=vdf-competition
+    ```
+
+### Command Line Interface
+
+To initiate, use the `vdf-cli` command followed by 2 arguments:
+
+- _challenge_: byte string of arbitrary length
+- _difficulty_: number of iterations, each iteration requires more time to evaluate
+
+This generates the Weslowski proof of time.  To generate the Pietrzak proof of
+time, pass `-tpietrzak`.  For detailed usage information, run `vdf-cli --help`.
+
+Once complete you will see the output, returned as a `Vec<u8>`.  The CLI tool
+hex-encodes its output.
+
+**Example**
+
+```sh
+$ vdf-cli aa 100
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
+```
+
+To verify, use the `vdi-cli` command with the same arguments and include the
+output.
+
+**Example**
+
+```sh
+$ vdf-cli aa 100 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
+Proof is valid
+```
+### VDF Library
+
+<!--
+Keep as is, and possibly include argument explanations as well (for byte_length for example). May not be needed though is CLI is main user interaction tool.
+-->
+
+```rust
+extern crate vdf;
+use vdf::{InvalidProof, PietrzakVDFParams, VDFParams, WesolowskiVDFParams, VDF};
+
+/// The correct solution.
+const CORRECT_SOLUTION: &[u8] =
+  b"\x00\x52\x71\xe8\xf9\xab\x2e\xb8\xa2\x90\x6e\x85\x1d\xfc\xb5\x54\x2e\x41\x73\xf0\x16\
+  \xb8\x5e\x29\xd4\x81\xa1\x08\xdc\x82\xed\x3b\x3f\x97\x93\x7b\x7a\xa8\x24\x80\x11\x38\
+  \xd1\x77\x1d\xea\x8d\xae\x2f\x63\x97\xe7\x6a\x80\x61\x3a\xfd\xa3\x0f\x2c\x30\xa3\x4b\
+  \x04\x0b\xaa\xaf\xe7\x6d\x57\x07\xd6\x86\x89\x19\x3e\x5d\x21\x18\x33\xb3\x72\xa6\xa4\
+  \x59\x1a\xbb\x88\xe2\xe7\xf2\xf5\xa5\xec\x81\x8b\x57\x07\xb8\x6b\x8b\x2c\x49\x5c\xa1\
+  \x58\x1c\x17\x91\x68\x50\x9e\x35\x93\xf9\xa1\x68\x79\x62\x0a\x4d\xc4\xe9\x07\xdf\x45\
+  \x2e\x8d\xd0\xff\xc4\xf1\x99\x82\x5f\x54\xec\x70\x47\x2c\xc0\x61\xf2\x2e\xb5\x4c\x48\
+  \xd6\xaa\x5a\xf3\xea\x37\x5a\x39\x2a\xc7\x72\x94\xe2\xd9\x55\xdd\xe1\xd1\x02\xae\x2a\
+  \xce\x49\x42\x93\x49\x2d\x31\xcf\xf2\x19\x44\xa8\xbc\xb4\x60\x89\x93\x06\x5c\x9a\x00\
+  \x29\x2e\x8d\x3f\x46\x04\xe7\x46\x5b\x4e\xee\xfb\x49\x4f\x5b\xea\x10\x2d\xb3\x43\xbb\
+  \x61\xc5\xa1\x5c\x7b\xdf\x28\x82\x06\x88\x5c\x13\x0f\xa1\xf2\xd8\x6b\xf5\xe4\x63\x4f\
+  \xdc\x42\x16\xbc\x16\xef\x7d\xac\x97\x0b\x0e\xe4\x6d\x69\x41\x6f\x9a\x9a\xce\xe6\x51\
+  \xd1\x58\xac\x64\x91\x5b";
+fn main() {
+    // The length of the prime numbers generated, in bits.
+    let num_bits: u16 = 2048;
+
+    // An instance of the VDF.  Instances can be used arbitrarily many times.
+    let pietrzak_vdf = PietrzakVDFParams(num_bits).new();
+
+    // Solve for the correct answer.  This will take a minute or two.
+    assert_eq!(
+        &pietrzak_vdf.solve(b"\xaa", 10000).unwrap()[..],
+        CORRECT_SOLUTION
+    );
+
+    // Verify the answer.  This should be far faster (less than a second).
+    assert!(pietrzak_vdf.verify(b"\xaa", 10000, CORRECT_SOLUTION).is_ok());
+}
+```
+
+## Benchmarks
+
+Benchmarks are provided for the classgroup operations. To run benchmarks:
+
+```sh
+$ ./bench.sh <your challenge here>
+```
+
+Additional benchmarks are under development.
+
+### Current Benchmarks
+
+These were generated by `./bench.sh aadf`.  Outliers could be due to preemption
+by the OS and/or hypervisor.  Changes are relative to the previous test run
+done on the same machine.  Since the previous run was done with different
+settings and/or code than reported here, these changes are not meaningful.
+
+```text
+Benchmarking square with seed aadf: 512: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.0439 s (374k iteratio                                                                                                    square with seed aadf: 512
+                        time:   [13.301 us 13.333 us 13.372 us]
+                        change: [-22.286% -21.745% -21.225%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 22 outliers among 100 measurements (22.00%)
+  5 (5.00%) high mild
+  17 (17.00%) high severe
+
+Benchmarking multiply with seed aadf: 512: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.0452 s (293k iterat                                                                                                    multiply with seed aadf: 512
+                        time:   [17.219 us 17.251 us 17.287 us]
+                        change: [-24.323% -23.739% -23.149%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 10 outliers among 100 measurements (10.00%)
+  4 (4.00%) high mild
+  6 (6.00%) high severe
+
+Benchmarking square with seed aadf: 1024: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.0822 s (177k iterati                                                                                                    square with seed aadf: 1024
+                        time:   [28.672 us 28.716 us 28.767 us]
+                        change: [-29.947% -29.339% -28.708%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 8 outliers among 100 measurements (8.00%)
+  1 (1.00%) low mild
+  1 (1.00%) high mild
+  6 (6.00%) high severe
+
+Benchmarking multiply with seed aadf: 1024: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.0886 s (136k itera                                                                                                    multiply with seed aadf: 1024
+                        time:   [37.163 us 37.207 us 37.254 us]
+                        change: [-21.403% -20.750% -20.170%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 8 outliers among 100 measurements (8.00%)
+  1 (1.00%) low mild
+  1 (1.00%) high mild
+  6 (6.00%) high severe
+
+Benchmarking square with seed aadf: 2048: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.2519 s (76k iteratio                                                                                                    square with seed aadf: 2048
+                        time:   [69.115 us 69.254 us 69.430 us]
+                        change: [-28.091% -27.738% -27.341%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 8 outliers among 100 measurements (8.00%)
+  1 (1.00%) low mild
+  1 (1.00%) high mild
+  6 (6.00%) high severe
+
+Benchmarking multiply with seed aadf: 2048: Collecting 100 samples in estimated 5.0554 s (56k iterat                                                                                                    multiply with seed aadf: 2048
+                        time:   [90.922 us 91.057 us 91.201 us]
+                        change: [-25.236% -24.794% -24.336%] (p = 0.00 < 0.05)
+                        Performance has improved.
+Found 13 outliers among 100 measurements (13.00%)
+  2 (2.00%) low mild
+  5 (5.00%) high mild
+  6 (6.00%) high severe
+```
+
+[Rust]: <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html>
+
+
+## License
+
+Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+   <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.

crates/vdf/bench/bench.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate criterion;
+
+use hex;
+
+use classgroup::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, ClassGroup};
+use criterion::Criterion;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, env, rc::Rc};
+use vdf::create_discriminant;
+fn bench_square(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let bench_params = |c: &mut Criterion, len: u16, seed: &[u8]| {
+        let i = Rc::new(RefCell::new(GmpClassGroup::generator_for_discriminant(
+            create_discriminant(seed, len),
+        )));
+        {
+            let i = i.clone();
+            c.bench_function(
+                &format!("square with seed {}: {}", hex::encode(seed), len),
+                move |b| b.iter(|| i.borrow_mut().square()),
+            );
+        }
+        {
+            let multiplier = i.borrow().clone();
+            c.bench_function(
+                &format!("multiply with seed {}: {}", hex::encode(seed), len),
+                move |b| b.iter(|| *i.borrow_mut() *= &multiplier),
+            );
+        }
+    };
+    let seed = env::var("VDF_BENCHMARK_SEED")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|x| hex::decode(x).ok())
+        .expect("bug in calling script");
+    for &i in &[512, 1024, 2048] {
+        bench_params(c, i, &seed)
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_square);
+criterion_main!(benches);

crates/vdf/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+use std::{env, fs::File, io::Write, path::PathBuf, u16};
+
+/// The number of odd primes less than 65536.
+const PRIMES_LEN: usize = 6541;
+
+/// The number of integers that are:
+///
+/// * equal to 7 mod 8
+/// * not divisible by any prime number less than or equal to 13.
+/// * less than 8 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13
+const RESIDUES_LEN: usize = 5760;
+
+/// The number of odd prime numbers between 13 and 65536 exclusive.
+const SIEVE_INFO_LEN: usize = PRIMES_LEN - 5;
+
+fn odd_primes_below_65536() -> Vec<usize> {
+    const N: usize = 1 << 16;
+    let mut sieve = vec![true; N >> 1];
+    let mut q = (N as f64).powf(0.5) as usize;
+    assert!(q * q <= N);
+    q += 1;
+    assert!(q * q > N);
+    for i in (3..q).step_by(2) {
+        if sieve[i >> 1] {
+            for i in ((i * i >> 1)..sieve.len()).step_by(i) {
+                sieve[i] = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // mega cheat ― we know the exact size of this vector
+    let res: Vec<_> = (1..N / 2)
+        .filter(|&i| sieve[i])
+        .map(|i| 2 * i + 1)
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(res.len(), PRIMES_LEN);
+    res
+}
+
+fn mod_exponentiation(base: usize, exponent: usize, modulus: usize) -> usize {
+    assert!(base < u16::MAX.into());
+    assert!(exponent < u16::MAX.into());
+    assert!(modulus < u16::MAX.into());
+    let (mut base, mut exponent, modulus) = (base as u32, exponent as u32, modulus as u32);
+    let mut state = 1;
+    loop {
+        if exponent & 1 != 0 {
+            state *= base;
+            state %= modulus;
+        }
+        exponent >>= 1;
+        if exponent == 0 {
+            return state as _;
+        }
+        base *= base;
+        base %= modulus;
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_fmt {
+    () => {
+        "#[allow(warnings)]\nconst {}: [{}; {}] = {:#?};\n\n";
+    };
+}
+
+/// A product of many small prime numbers.  We precompute the numbers between
+/// `1` and `M` that are coprime to `M`.  Any number whose residue modulo `M` is
+/// one of these is not divisible by any of the prime factors of `M`.  This
+/// speeds up the generation of random prime numbers.
+const M: usize = 8 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13;
+fn emit<T: std::fmt::Debug>(f: &mut dyn Write, name: &str, t: &str, obj: &[T]) {
+    write!(f, const_fmt!(), name, t, obj.len(), obj).expect("i/o error in build script");
+}
+
+/// Write the generated code to `f`.
+fn generate(f: &mut dyn Write) {
+    write!(f, "const M: u32 = 8 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13;\n\n").expect("i/o error");
+    let residues: Vec<usize> = {
+        let primes = [3, 5, 7, 11, 13];
+        let not_divisible = |&x: &usize| primes.iter().all(|p| x % p != 0);
+        (7..M).step_by(8).filter(not_divisible).collect()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(residues.len(), RESIDUES_LEN);
+    emit(f, "RESIDUES", "u32", &residues[..]);
+    let sieve_info: Vec<(usize, usize)> = odd_primes_below_65536()[5..]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&i| (i, mod_exponentiation(M % i, i - 2, i)))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(sieve_info.len(), SIEVE_INFO_LEN);
+    emit(f, "SIEVE_INFO", "(u16, u16)", &sieve_info[..]);
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    
+    uniffi::generate_scaffolding("src/lib.udl").expect("uniffi generation failed");
+
+    let manifest_path = env::var("OUT_DIR").expect("cargo should have set this");
+    let mut path = PathBuf::from(&manifest_path);
+    path.push("constants.rs");
+    let mut f = File::create(path).expect("cannot create constants.rs");
+    generate(&mut f);
+}

crates/vdf/src/create_discriminant.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Creation of discriminants.
+//!
+//! The [`pot`] tool does not accept a discriminant as a command-line argument.
+//! Instead, we generate the discriminant from a (much smaller) seed.  
+//!
+//! For performance, we follow the Chia network's [`inkfish`] implementation
+//! of ["Close to Uniform Prime Number Generation With Fewer Random Bits"][1]
+//! by Pierre-Alain Fouque and Mehdi Tibouchi.
+//! We employ a table of precomputed constants generated by `build.rs`.
+//!
+//! [1]: https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/481.pdf
+//! [`inkfish`]: <https://github.com/Chia-Network/vdf-competition/blob/003b0d202d3b27058159f7a3f6a838e312e7d79e/inkfish/create_discriminant.py>
+//! [`pot`]: <https://github.com/Chia-Network/vdf-competition/blob/003b0d202d3b27058159f7a3f6a838e312e7d79e/inkfish/cmds.py>
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/constants.rs"));
+
+use classgroup::BigNumExt;
+use num_traits::Zero;
+use sha2::{digest::FixedOutput, Digest, Sha256};
+use std::u16;
+
+fn random_bytes_from_seed(seed: &[u8], byte_count: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    assert!(byte_count <= 32 * ((1 << 16) - 1));
+    let mut blob = Vec::with_capacity(byte_count);
+    let mut extra: u16 = 0;
+    while blob.len() < byte_count {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.input(seed);
+        let extra_bits: [u8; 2] = [((extra & 0xFF00) >> 8) as _, (extra & 0xFF) as _];
+        hasher.input(&extra_bits);
+        blob.extend_from_slice(&hasher.fixed_result()[..]);
+        extra += 1;
+    }
+    blob.resize(byte_count, 0);
+    blob
+}
+
+/// Create a discriminant from a seed (a byte string) and a bit length (a
+/// `u16`).  The discriminant is guaranteed to be a negative prime number that
+/// fits in `length` bits, except with negligible probability (less than
+/// 2^(-100)).  It is also guaranteed to equal 7 modulo 8.
+///
+/// This function uses sha256 to expand the seed.  Therefore, different seeds
+/// will result in completely different discriminants with overwhelming
+/// probability, unless `length` is very small.  However, this function is
+/// deterministic: if it is called twice with identical seeds and lengths, it
+/// will always return the same discriminant.
+///
+/// This function is guaranteed not to panic for any inputs whatsoever, unless
+/// memory allocation fails and the allocator in use panics in that case.
+pub fn create_discriminant<T: BigNumExt>(seed: &[u8], length: u16) -> T {
+    let (mut n, residue) = {
+        // The number of “extra” bits (that don’t evenly fit in a byte)
+        let extra: u8 = (length as u8) & 7;
+
+        // The number of random bytes needed (the number of bytes that hold `length`
+        // bits, plus 2).
+        let random_bytes_len = ((usize::from(length) + 7) >> 3) + 2;
+        let random_bytes = random_bytes_from_seed(seed, random_bytes_len);
+        let (n, last_2) = random_bytes.split_at(random_bytes_len - 2);
+        let numerator = (usize::from(last_2[0]) << 8) + usize::from(last_2[1]);
+
+        // If there are any extra bits, right shift `n` so that it fits
+        // in `length` bits, discarding the least significant bits.
+        let n = T::from(n) >> usize::from((8 - extra) & 7);
+        (n, RESIDUES[numerator % RESIDUES.len()])
+    };
+    n.setbit(usize::from(length - 1));
+    debug_assert!(n >= Zero::zero());
+    let rem = n.frem_u32(M);
+
+    // HACK HACK `rust-gmp` doesn’t expose += and -= with i32 or i64
+    if residue > rem {
+        n = n + u64::from(residue - rem);
+    } else {
+        n = n - u64::from(rem - residue);
+    }
+    debug_assert!(n >= Zero::zero());
+
+    // This generates the smallest prime ≥ n that is of the form n + m*x.
+    loop {
+        // Speed up prime-finding by quickly ruling out numbers
+        // that are known to be composite.
+        let mut sieve = ::bit_vec::BitVec::from_elem(1 << 16, false);
+        for &(p, q) in SIEVE_INFO.iter() {
+            // The reference implementation changes the sign of `n` before taking its
+            // remainder. Instead, we leave `n` as positive, but use ceiling
+            // division instead of floor division.  This is mathematically
+            // equivalent and potentially faster.
+            let mut i: usize = (n.crem_u16(p) as usize * q as usize) % p as usize;
+            while i < sieve.len() {
+                sieve.set(i, true);
+                i += p as usize;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (i, x) in sieve.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !x {
+                let q = u64::from(M) * u64::from(i as u32);
+                n = n + q;
+                if n.probab_prime(1) {
+                    return -n;
+                }
+                n = n - q;
+            }
+        }
+        // M is set to a number with many prime factors so the results are
+        // more uniform https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/481.pdf
+        // TODO:  Explain previous reference to https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/401.pdf
+        n = n + (u64::from(M) * (1 << 16)) as u64
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use classgroup::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, ClassGroup};
+    type Mpz = <GmpClassGroup as ClassGroup>::BigNum;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_discriminant_1() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            create_discriminant::<Mpz>(b"\xaa", 40),
+            (-685_537_176_559i64).into()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_discriminant_3() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            create_discriminant::<Mpz>(b"\xaa", 1024),
+            Mpz::from_str(
+                "-112084717443890964296630631725167420667316836131914185144761\
+                 7438378168250988242739496385274308134767869324152361453294226\
+                 8295868231081182819214054220080323345750407342623884342617809\
+                 8794592117225058677336074005099949757067786815439982423354682\
+                 0386024058617141397148586038290164093146862666602485017735298\
+                 03183"
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_discriminant_2() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            create_discriminant::<Mpz>(b"\xaa", 2048),
+            -Mpz::from_str(
+                "201493927071865251625903550712920535753645598483515670853547009\
+                 878440933309489362800393797428711071833308081461824159206915864\
+                 150805748296170245037221957772328044276705571745811271212292422\
+                 075849739248257870371300001313586036515879618764093772248760562\
+                 386804073478433157526816295216137723803793411828867470089409596\
+                 238958950007370719325959579892866588928887249912429688364409867\
+                 895510817680171869190054122881274299350947669820596157115994418\
+                 034091728887584373727555384075665624624856766441009974642693066\
+                 751400054217209981490667208950669417773785631693879782993019167\
+                 69407006303085854796535778826115224633447713584423"
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn check_random_bytes() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            &random_bytes_from_seed(b"\xaa", 7),
+            b"\x9f\x9d*\xe5\xe7<\xcb"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            &random_bytes_from_seed(b"\xaa", 258)[..],
+            &b"\x9f\x9d*\xe5\xe7<\xcbq\xa4q\x8e\
+                   \xbc\xf0\xe3:\xa2\x98\xf8\xbd\xdc\xaa\xcbi\xcb\x10\xff\x0e\xafv\xdb\xec!\xc4K\
+                   \xc6Jf\xf3\xa5\xda.7\xb7\xef\x87I\x85\xb8YX\xfc\xf2\x03\xa1\x8f4\xaf`\xab\xae]n\
+                   \xcc,g1\x12EI\xc7\xd5\xe2\xfc\x8b\x9a\xde\xd5\xf3\x8f'\xcd\x08\x0fU\xc7\xee\xa85\
+                   [>\x87]\x07\x82\x00\x13\xce\xf7\xc3/@\xef\x08v\x8f\x85\x87dm(1\x8b\xd9w\xffA]xzY\
+                   \xa0,\xebz\xff\x03$`\x91\xb66\x88-_\xa9\xf1\xc5\x8e,\x15\xae\x8f\x04\rvhnU3f\x84\
+                   [{$\xa6l\x95w\xa9\x1f\xba\xa8)\x05\xe6\x8f\x167o\x11/X\x9cl\xab\x9c\xcb}\xec\x88\
+                   \xf8\xa5\xabXpY\xb0\x88\xed@r\x05\xba\\\x03\xf6\x91\xf8\x03\xca\x18\x1c\xcdH\x1c\
+                   \x91\xe1V\xed;\x94oJ\xa8 \xa4\x97\xb7K\xce\xc4e\xea\xa2\xbf\x8b\x1f\x90\x87\xc8\
+                   \x15\xee\x0e\x0fPC:\xb5\xe1g\x97\xea/_\x86c\xaf\x12Wp\xfd\x11\xdb\x17\xe6\x9f\
+                   \xa5\x8a"[..]
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/vdf/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+#![deny(warnings)]
+//! # Rust implementations of class groups and verifyable delay functions
+//!
+//! This repo includes three crates
+//!
+//! * `classgroup`, which includes a class group implementation, as well as a
+//!   trait for class groups.
+//! * `vdf`, which includes a Verifyable Delay Function (VDF) trait, as well as
+//!   an implementation of that trait.
+//! * `vdf-cli`, which includes a command-line interface to the `vdf` crate.  It
+//!   also includes additional commands, which are deprecated and will later be
+//!   replaced by a CLI to the `classgroup` crate.
+//!
+//! ## Usage
+//!
+//! First, install Rust, Cargo, and the GNU Multiprecision Library (GMP).  Then,
+//! follow one of the below steps.
+//!
+//! ### To use the command line interface
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! $ git clone https://github.com/poanetwork/vdf
+//! $ cd vdf
+//! $ cargo install
+//! $ vdf-cli aa 100
+//! 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
+//! $ vdf-cli aa 100 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
+//! Proof is valid
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### To use the VDF library
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! extern crate vdf;
+//! use vdf::{InvalidProof, PietrzakVDFParams, VDFParams, WesolowskiVDFParams, VDF};
+//! const CORRECT_SOLUTION: &[u8] =
+//!     b"\x00\x52\x71\xe8\xf9\xab\x2e\xb8\xa2\x90\x6e\x85\x1d\xfc\xb5\x54\x2e\x41\x73\xf0\x16\
+//!     \xb8\x5e\x29\xd4\x81\xa1\x08\xdc\x82\xed\x3b\x3f\x97\x93\x7b\x7a\xa8\x24\x80\x11\x38\
+//!     \xd1\x77\x1d\xea\x8d\xae\x2f\x63\x97\xe7\x6a\x80\x61\x3a\xfd\xa3\x0f\x2c\x30\xa3\x4b\
+//!     \x04\x0b\xaa\xaf\xe7\x6d\x57\x07\xd6\x86\x89\x19\x3e\x5d\x21\x18\x33\xb3\x72\xa6\xa4\
+//!     \x59\x1a\xbb\x88\xe2\xe7\xf2\xf5\xa5\xec\x81\x8b\x57\x07\xb8\x6b\x8b\x2c\x49\x5c\xa1\
+//!     \x58\x1c\x17\x91\x68\x50\x9e\x35\x93\xf9\xa1\x68\x79\x62\x0a\x4d\xc4\xe9\x07\xdf\x45\
+//!     \x2e\x8d\xd0\xff\xc4\xf1\x99\x82\x5f\x54\xec\x70\x47\x2c\xc0\x61\xf2\x2e\xb5\x4c\x48\
+//!     \xd6\xaa\x5a\xf3\xea\x37\x5a\x39\x2a\xc7\x72\x94\xe2\xd9\x55\xdd\xe1\xd1\x02\xae\x2a\
+//!     \xce\x49\x42\x93\x49\x2d\x31\xcf\xf2\x19\x44\xa8\xbc\xb4\x60\x89\x93\x06\x5c\x9a\x00\
+//!     \x29\x2e\x8d\x3f\x46\x04\xe7\x46\x5b\x4e\xee\xfb\x49\x4f\x5b\xea\x10\x2d\xb3\x43\xbb\
+//!     \x61\xc5\xa1\x5c\x7b\xdf\x28\x82\x06\x88\x5c\x13\x0f\xa1\xf2\xd8\x6b\xf5\xe4\x63\x4f\
+//!     \xdc\x42\x16\xbc\x16\xef\x7d\xac\x97\x0b\x0e\xe4\x6d\x69\x41\x6f\x9a\x9a\xce\xe6\x51\
+//!     \xd1\x58\xac\x64\x91\x5b";
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let pietrzak_vdf = PietrzakVDFParams(2048).new();
+//!     assert_eq!(
+//!         &pietrzak_vdf.solve(b"\xaa", 100).unwrap()[..],
+//!         CORRECT_SOLUTION
+//!     );
+//!     assert!(pietrzak_vdf.verify(b"\xaa", 100, CORRECT_SOLUTION).is_ok());
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### To run the benchmarks
+//!
+//! Benchmarks are provided for the classgroup operations.  Run `cargo bench`
+//! to run them.  Additional benchmarks are under development.
+use classgroup;
+
+mod create_discriminant;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+pub use self::{
+    create_discriminant::create_discriminant,
+    proof_pietrzak::{PietrzakVDF, PietrzakVDFParams},
+    proof_wesolowski::{WesolowskiVDF, WesolowskiVDFParams},
+};
+
+/// Message used to report an internal miscalculation of serialization buffer
+/// sizes.
+const INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE: &str =
+    "internal error: incorrect buffer size calculation (this is a bug)";
+
+mod proof_of_time;
+mod proof_pietrzak;
+mod proof_wesolowski;
+
+uniffi::include_scaffolding!("lib");
+
+/// An empty struct indicating verification failure.
+///
+/// For security reasons, the functions that perform verification *do not*
+/// return any information on failure.  Use `VDF::validate_params` to check if
+/// the parameters are correct.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct InvalidProof;
+
+/// An error return indicating an invalid number of iterations.  The string is a
+/// human-readable message describing the valid iterations.  It should not be
+/// interpreted by programs.
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct InvalidIterations(String);
+
+/// The type of VDF parameters.
+///
+/// Parameters represent public information that can be shared by all users
+/// of the protocol.  As such, they must implement `Clone`, so that they can
+/// be duplicated.  They also must implement `Send`, so that a parallel
+/// application can send them safely across threads.
+///
+/// The parameters *do not* include the difficulty level (usually an
+/// iteration count), since that can be separate for each invocation.
+///
+/// This must implement `Clone` and `Eq`.
+pub trait VDFParams: Clone + Eq {
+    type VDF: VDF + Sized;
+
+    /// Creates an instance of this VDF from the given parameters.
+    ///
+    /// # Performance
+    ///
+    /// This method is expected to be fairly cheap.  For example, it is okay if
+    /// it allocates memory, but it should not perform expensive computations or
+    /// I/O.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method **MUST NOT** fail due to invalid values for `params`.  Such
+    /// errors should be checked by the factory functions for `Self::Params`.
+    ///
+    /// This function **MAY** panic for other reasons.  For example, it is
+    /// allowed to panic if an allocation fails, or if a needed external library
+    /// could not be dynamically loaded.
+    fn new(self) -> Self::VDF;
+}
+
+/// A Verifiable Delay Function (VDF).
+///
+/// VDFs are problems that require a certain amount of time to solve, even on a
+/// parallel machine, but can be validated much more easily.
+///
+/// While VDFs are considered to be cryptographic primitives, they generally do
+/// *not* operate on highly sensitive data.  As such, implementers of this trait
+/// **do not** guarantee that they will be immune to side-channel attacks, and
+/// consumers of this trait **MUST NOT** expect this.
+///
+/// Instances of this trait are *not* expected to be `Sync`.  This allows them
+/// to reuse allocations (such as scratch memory) accross invocations without
+/// the need for locking.  However, they **MUST** be `Send` and `Clone`, so that
+/// consumers can duplicate them and send them across threads.
+pub trait VDF: Send + Debug {
+    /// Solve an instance of this VDF, with challenge `challenge` and difficulty
+    /// `difficulty`.
+    ///
+    /// The output is to be returned in a `Vec<u8>`, so it can be stored to disk
+    /// or sent over the network.
+    ///
+    /// # Challenge format
+    ///
+    /// The challenge is an opaque byte string of arbitrary length.
+    /// Implementors **MUST NOT** make any assumptions about its contents,
+    /// and **MUST** produce distinct outputs for distinct challenges
+    /// (except with negiligible probability).
+    ///
+    /// This can be most easily implemented by using the challenge as part of
+    /// the input of a cryptographic hash function.  The VDFs provided in this
+    /// crate use this strategy.
+    ///
+    /// The difficulty must be checked before performing any expensive
+    /// computations.
+    ///
+    /// Most applications will generate the challenge using a
+    /// cryptographically-secure pseudorandom number generator, but implementors
+    /// **MUST NOT** rely on this.  In particular, this function must be secure
+    /// even if `challenge` is chosen by an adversary.  Excessive values for
+    /// `difficulty` may cause excessive resource consumption, but must not
+    /// create any other vulnerabilities.
+    ///
+    /// # Complexity
+    ///
+    /// The VDFs in this crate consume memory that does not depend on
+    /// `difficulty`, and time linearly proportional to `difficulty`.
+    /// Implementors of this trait should document the resource use.
+    ///
+    /// # Purity
+    ///
+    /// This method must have no side effects.  In particular, it must be
+    /// **deterministic**: it must always return the same output for the same
+    /// inputs, except with negligible probability.  Furthermore, while it may
+    /// change `self` via interior mutability, such changes must not affect
+    /// future calls to this method, `Self::check_difficulty`, or
+    /// `Self::verify`.  They *may* affect the `Debug` output.
+    fn solve(&self, challenge: &[u8], difficulty: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>, InvalidIterations>;
+
+    /// Check that the difficulty is valid.
+    ///
+    /// This must return `Ok` if and only if `difficulty` is valid.  Otherwise,
+    /// it must return `Err`.
+    ///
+    /// # Rationale
+    ///
+    /// It would be more ideomatic Rust to use the type system to enforce that a
+    /// difficulty has been validated before use.  However, I (Demi) have not
+    /// yet figured out an object-safe way to do so.
+    fn check_difficulty(&self, difficulty: u64) -> Result<(), InvalidIterations>;
+
+    /// Verifies an alleged solution of this VDF, with challenge `challenge` and
+    /// difficulty `difficulty`.  Return `Ok(())` on success, or
+    /// `Err(InvalidProof)` on failure.
+    ///
+    /// This function *does not* return any extended error information for
+    /// security reasons.  To check that the difficulty is correct, call
+    /// `Self::check_difficulty`.
+    ///
+    /// # Uniqueness of valid solutions
+    ///
+    /// For any `(challenge, difficulty)` tuple, there must be at most one
+    /// `alleged_solution` (as measured by `Eq`) that causes this function to
+    /// return `Ok(())`.  If the difficulty is valid (as determined by
+    /// `check_difficulty`), there must be exactly one such solution; otherwise,
+    /// there must be none.
+    ///
+    /// # Purity
+    ///
+    /// This method must have no side effects.  In particular, it must be
+    /// **deterministic**: it must always return the same output for the same
+    /// inputs.  Furthermore, while it may change `self` via interior
+    /// mutability, such changes must not affect future calls to this method,
+    /// `Self::prove`, or `Self::check_difficulty`.  Such changes **MAY** affect
+    /// debugging output.
+    fn verify(
+        &self,
+        challenge: &[u8],
+        difficulty: u64,
+        alleged_solution: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), InvalidProof>;
+}
+
+/// Solve and prove with the Wesolowski VDF using the given parameters.
+/// Outputs the concatenated solution and proof (in this order).
+pub fn wesolowski_solve(int_size_bits: u16, challenge: &[u8], difficulty: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let vdf = WesolowskiVDFParams(int_size_bits).new();
+    vdf.solve(challenge, difficulty.into()).expect("invalid difficulty")
+}
+
+/// Verify with the Wesolowski VDF using the given parameters.
+/// `alleged_solution` is the output of `wesolowski_solve`.
+pub fn wesolowski_verify(int_size_bits: u16, challenge: &[u8], difficulty: u32, alleged_solution: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let vdf = WesolowskiVDFParams(int_size_bits).new();
+    vdf.verify(challenge, difficulty.into(), alleged_solution).is_ok()
+}

crates/vdf/src/lib.udl

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace vdf {
+    sequence<u8> wesolowski_solve(u16 int_size_bits, [ByRef] sequence<u8> challenge, u32 difficulty);
+    boolean wesolowski_verify(u16 int_size_bits, [ByRef] sequence<u8> challenge, u32 difficulty, [ByRef] sequence<u8> alleged_solution);
+};

crates/vdf/src/proof_of_time.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+use super::classgroup::ClassGroup;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, usize};
+
+pub fn serialize<V: ClassGroup>(proof: &[V], y: &V, int_size_bits: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let proof_len = proof.len();
+    let element_length = 2 * ((int_size_bits + 16) >> 4);
+    let proof_len_in_bytes = (proof_len + 1) * element_length;
+    let mut v = vec![0; proof_len_in_bytes];
+    y.serialize(&mut v[0..element_length])
+        .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    for (index, group) in proof.iter().enumerate() {
+        let offset = (index + 1) * element_length;
+        group
+            .serialize(&mut v[offset..offset + element_length])
+            .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE)
+    }
+    v
+}
+pub fn deserialize_proof<T>(
+    proof_blob: &[u8],
+    discriminant: &T::BigNum,
+    orig_length: usize,
+) -> Result<Vec<T>, ()>
+where
+    T: ClassGroup,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T: std::ops::Mul<&'b T, Output = T>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b T::BigNum, Output = T::BigNum>,
+{
+    let length = T::size_in_bits(discriminant);
+    if length > usize::MAX - 16 {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    let length = (length + 16) >> 4;
+    if length == 0 {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    if orig_length != length {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    let length = length * 2;
+    let proof_blob_length = proof_blob.len();
+    let rem = proof_blob_length % length;
+    if rem != 0 {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    let proof_len = proof_blob_length / length;
+    let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(proof_len);
+    for i in 0..proof_len {
+        let offset = i * length;
+        v.push(T::from_bytes(
+            &proof_blob[offset..offset + length],
+            discriminant.clone(),
+        ))
+    }
+    Ok(v)
+}
+
+pub fn iterate_squarings<V, U>(mut x: V, powers_to_calculate: U) -> HashMap<u64, V>
+where
+    V: ClassGroup,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V: std::ops::Mul<&'b V, Output = V>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b V::BigNum, Output = V::BigNum>,
+    U: Iterator<Item = u64>,
+{
+    let mut powers_calculated = HashMap::new();
+    let mut powers_to_calculate: Vec<u64> = powers_to_calculate.collect();
+    powers_to_calculate.sort_unstable();
+    let mut previous_power: u64 = 0;
+    for &current_power in &powers_to_calculate {
+        x.repeated_square(current_power - previous_power);
+        powers_calculated.insert(current_power, x.clone());
+        previous_power = current_power
+    }
+    powers_calculated
+}

crates/vdf/src/proof_pietrzak.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Chia Network Inc and POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+use super::proof_of_time::{deserialize_proof, iterate_squarings, serialize};
+use classgroup::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, BigNumExt, ClassGroup};
+use num_traits::{One, Zero};
+use std::{fmt, num::ParseIntError, ops::Index, str::FromStr, u64, usize};
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Iterations(u64);
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum InvalidIterations {
+    OddNumber(u64),
+    LessThan66(u64),
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ParseIterationsError {
+    kind: Result<InvalidIterations, ParseIntError>,
+}
+
+impl From<InvalidIterations> for ParseIterationsError {
+    fn from(t: InvalidIterations) -> Self {
+        Self { kind: Ok(t) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ParseIntError> for ParseIterationsError {
+    fn from(t: ParseIntError) -> Self {
+        Self { kind: Err(t) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for InvalidIterations {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            InvalidIterations::OddNumber(s) => {
+                write!(f, "Pietrzak iterations must be an even number, not {}", s)
+            }
+            InvalidIterations::LessThan66(s) => write!(
+                f,
+                "Pietrzak proof-of-time must run for at least 66 iterations, not {}",
+                s
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Iterations> for u64 {
+    fn from(t: Iterations) -> u64 {
+        t.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParseIterationsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self.kind {
+            Ok(ref q) => <InvalidIterations as fmt::Display>::fmt(q, f),
+            Err(ref q) => <ParseIntError as fmt::Display>::fmt(q, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Iterations {
+    type Err = ParseIterationsError;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Self::new(s.parse::<u64>().map_err(ParseIterationsError::from)?)
+            .map_err(ParseIterationsError::from)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterations {
+    pub fn new<T: Into<u64>>(iterations: T) -> Result<Iterations, InvalidIterations> {
+        let iterations = iterations.into();
+        if iterations & 1 != 0 {
+            Err(InvalidIterations::OddNumber(iterations))
+        } else if iterations < 66 {
+            Err(InvalidIterations::LessThan66(iterations))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Iterations(iterations))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Selects a reasonable choice of cache size.
+fn approximate_i(t: Iterations) -> u64 {
+    let x: f64 = (((t.0 >> 1) as f64) / 8.) * 2.0f64.ln();
+    let w = x.ln() - x.ln().ln() + 0.25;
+    (w / (2. * 2.0f64.ln())).round() as _
+}
+
+fn sum_combinations<'a, T: IntoIterator<Item = &'a u64>>(numbers: T) -> Vec<u64> {
+    let mut combinations = vec![0];
+    for i in numbers {
+        let mut new_combinations = combinations.clone();
+        for j in combinations {
+            new_combinations.push(i + j)
+        }
+        combinations = new_combinations
+    }
+    combinations.remove(0);
+    combinations
+}
+
+fn cache_indices_for_count(t: Iterations) -> Vec<u64> {
+    let i: u64 = approximate_i(t);
+    let mut curr_t = t.0;
+    let mut intermediate_ts = vec![];
+    for _ in 0..i {
+        curr_t >>= 1;
+        intermediate_ts.push(curr_t);
+        if curr_t & 1 != 0 {
+            curr_t += 1
+        }
+    }
+    let mut cache_indices = sum_combinations(&intermediate_ts);
+    cache_indices.sort();
+    cache_indices.push(t.0);
+    cache_indices
+}
+
+fn generate_r_value<T>(x: &T, y: &T, sqrt_mu: &T, int_size_bits: usize) -> T::BigNum
+where
+    T: ClassGroup,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T: std::ops::Mul<&'b T, Output = T>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b T::BigNum, Output = T::BigNum>,
+{
+    use sha2::{digest::FixedOutput, Digest, Sha256};
+
+    let size = (int_size_bits + 16) >> 4;
+    let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(size * 2);
+    for _ in 0..size * 2 {
+        v.push(0)
+    }
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    for i in &[&x, &y, &sqrt_mu] {
+        i.serialize(&mut v).expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        hasher.input(&v);
+    }
+    let res = hasher.fixed_result();
+    T::unsigned_deserialize_bignum(&res[..16])
+}
+
+fn create_proof_of_time_pietrzak<T>(
+    challenge: &[u8],
+    iterations: Iterations,
+    int_size_bits: u16,
+) -> Vec<u8>
+where
+    T: ClassGroup,
+    <T as ClassGroup>::BigNum: BigNumExt,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T: std::ops::Mul<&'b T, Output = T>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b T::BigNum, Output = T::BigNum>,
+{
+    let discriminant = super::create_discriminant::create_discriminant(&challenge, int_size_bits);
+    let x = T::from_ab_discriminant(2.into(), 1.into(), discriminant);
+
+    let delta = 8;
+    let powers_to_calculate = cache_indices_for_count(iterations);
+    let powers = iterate_squarings(x.clone(), powers_to_calculate.iter().cloned());
+    let proof: Vec<T> = generate_proof(
+        x,
+        iterations,
+        delta,
+        &powers,
+        &generate_r_value,
+        usize::from(int_size_bits),
+    );
+    serialize(
+        &proof,
+        &powers[&iterations.into()],
+        usize::from(int_size_bits),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn check_proof_of_time_pietrzak<T>(
+    challenge: &[u8],
+    proof_blob: &[u8],
+    iterations: u64,
+    length_in_bits: u16,
+) -> Result<(), super::InvalidProof>
+where
+    T: ClassGroup,
+    T::BigNum: BigNumExt,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T: std::ops::Mul<&'b T, Output = T>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a T::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b T::BigNum, Output = T::BigNum>,
+{
+    let discriminant = super::create_discriminant::create_discriminant(&challenge, length_in_bits);
+    let x = T::from_ab_discriminant(2.into(), 1.into(), discriminant);
+    let iterations = Iterations::new(iterations).map_err(|_| super::InvalidProof)?;
+    if usize::MAX - 16 < length_in_bits.into() {
+        // Proof way too long.
+        return Err(super::InvalidProof);
+    }
+    let length: usize = (usize::from(length_in_bits) + 16usize) >> 4;
+    if proof_blob.len() < 2 * length {
+        // Invalid length of proof
+        return Err(super::InvalidProof);
+    }
+    let result_bytes = &proof_blob[..length * 2];
+    let proof_bytes = &proof_blob[length * 2..];
+    let discriminant = x.discriminant().clone();
+    let proof =
+        deserialize_proof(proof_bytes, &discriminant, length).map_err(|()| super::InvalidProof)?;
+    let y = T::from_bytes(result_bytes, discriminant);
+    verify_proof(
+        &x,
+        &y,
+        proof,
+        iterations,
+        8,
+        &generate_r_value,
+        length_in_bits.into(),
+    )
+    .map_err(|()| super::InvalidProof)
+}
+
+fn calculate_final_t(t: Iterations, delta: usize) -> u64 {
+    let mut curr_t = t.0;
+    let mut ts = vec![];
+    while curr_t != 2 {
+        ts.push(curr_t);
+        curr_t >>= 1;
+        if curr_t & 1 == 1 {
+            curr_t += 1
+        }
+    }
+    ts.push(2);
+    ts.push(1);
+    assert!(ts.len() >= delta);
+    ts[ts.len() - delta]
+}
+
+pub fn generate_proof<T, U, V>(
+    x: V,
+    iterations: Iterations,
+    delta: usize,
+    powers: &T,
+    generate_r_value: &U,
+    int_size_bits: usize,
+) -> Vec<V>
+where
+    T: for<'a> Index<&'a u64, Output = V>,
+    U: Fn(&V, &V, &V, usize) -> V::BigNum,
+    V: ClassGroup,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V: std::ops::Mul<&'b V, Output = V>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b V::BigNum, Output = V::BigNum>,
+{
+    let identity = x.identity();
+    let i = approximate_i(iterations);
+    let mut mus = vec![];
+    let mut rs: Vec<V::BigNum> = vec![];
+    let mut x_p = vec![x];
+    let mut curr_t = iterations.0;
+
+    let mut y_p = vec![powers[&curr_t].clone()];
+
+    let mut ts = vec![];
+
+    let final_t = calculate_final_t(iterations, delta);
+
+    let mut round_index = 0;
+    while curr_t != final_t {
+        assert_eq!(curr_t & 1, 0);
+        let half_t = curr_t >> 1;
+        ts.push(half_t);
+        assert!(round_index < 63);
+        let denominator: u64 = 1 << (round_index + 1);
+
+        mus.push(if round_index < i {
+            let mut mu = identity.clone();
+            for numerator in (1..denominator).step_by(2) {
+                let num_bits = 62 - denominator.leading_zeros() as usize;
+                let mut r_prod: V::BigNum = One::one();
+                for b in (0..num_bits).rev() {
+                    if 0 == (numerator & (1 << (b + 1))) {
+                        r_prod *= &rs[num_bits - b - 1]
+                    }
+                }
+                let mut t_sum = half_t;
+                for b in 0..num_bits {
+                    if 0 != (numerator & (1 << (b + 1))) {
+                        t_sum += ts[num_bits - b - 1]
+                    }
+                }
+                let mut power = powers[&t_sum].clone();
+                power.pow(r_prod);
+                mu *= &power;
+            }
+            mu
+        } else {
+            let mut mu = x_p.last().unwrap().clone();
+            for _ in 0..half_t {
+                mu *= &mu.clone()
+            }
+            mu
+        });
+        let mut mu: V = mus.last().unwrap().clone();
+        let last_r: V::BigNum = generate_r_value(&x_p[0], &y_p[0], &mu, int_size_bits);
+        assert!(last_r >= Zero::zero());
+        rs.push(last_r.clone());
+        {
+            let mut last_x: V = x_p.last().unwrap().clone();
+            last_x.pow(last_r.clone());
+            last_x *= &mu;
+            x_p.push(last_x);
+        }
+        mu.pow(last_r);
+        mu *= y_p.last().unwrap();
+        y_p.push(mu);
+        curr_t >>= 1;
+        if curr_t & 1 != 0 {
+            curr_t += 1;
+            y_p.last_mut().unwrap().square();
+        }
+        round_index += 1
+    }
+    if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+        let mut last_y = y_p.last().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut last_x = x_p.last().unwrap().clone();
+        let one: V::BigNum = 1u64.into();
+        last_y.pow(one.clone());
+        assert_eq!(last_y, y_p.last().unwrap().clone());
+        last_x.pow(one << final_t as usize);
+    }
+    mus
+}
+
+pub fn verify_proof<T, U, V>(
+    x_initial: &V,
+    y_initial: &V,
+    proof: T,
+    t: Iterations,
+    delta: usize,
+    generate_r_value: &U,
+    int_size_bits: usize,
+) -> Result<(), ()>
+where
+    T: IntoIterator<Item = V>,
+    U: Fn(&V, &V, &V, usize) -> V::BigNum,
+    V: ClassGroup,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V: std::ops::Mul<&'b V, Output = V>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b V::BigNum, Output = V::BigNum>,
+{
+    let mut one: V::BigNum = One::one();
+    let (mut x, mut y): (V, V) = (x_initial.clone(), y_initial.clone());
+    let final_t = calculate_final_t(t, delta);
+    let mut curr_t = t.0;
+    for mut mu in proof {
+        assert!(
+            curr_t & 1 == 0,
+            "Cannot have an odd number of iterations remaining"
+        );
+        let r = generate_r_value(x_initial, y_initial, &mu, int_size_bits);
+        x.pow(r.clone());
+        x *= &mu;
+        mu.pow(r);
+        y *= &mu;
+
+        curr_t >>= 1;
+        if curr_t & 1 != 0 {
+            curr_t += 1;
+            y.square();
+        }
+    }
+    one <<= final_t as _;
+    x.pow(one);
+    if x == y {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PietrzakVDF {
+    int_size_bits: u16,
+}
+use super::InvalidIterations as Bad;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct PietrzakVDFParams(pub u16);
+impl super::VDFParams for PietrzakVDFParams {
+    type VDF = PietrzakVDF;
+    fn new(self) -> Self::VDF {
+        PietrzakVDF {
+            int_size_bits: self.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::VDF for PietrzakVDF {
+    fn check_difficulty(&self, difficulty: u64) -> Result<(), Bad> {
+        Iterations::new(difficulty)
+            .map_err(|x| Bad(format!("{}", x)))
+            .map(drop)
+    }
+    fn solve(&self, challenge: &[u8], difficulty: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Bad> {
+        Ok(create_proof_of_time_pietrzak::<GmpClassGroup>(
+            challenge,
+            Iterations::new(difficulty).map_err(|x| Bad(format!("{}", x)))?,
+            self.int_size_bits,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn verify(
+        &self,
+        challenge: &[u8],
+        difficulty: u64,
+        alleged_solution: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), super::InvalidProof> {
+        check_proof_of_time_pietrzak::<GmpClassGroup>(
+            challenge,
+            alleged_solution,
+            difficulty,
+            self.int_size_bits,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn check_approximate_i() {
+        assert_eq!(approximate_i(Iterations(534)), 2);
+        assert_eq!(approximate_i(Iterations(134)), 1);
+        assert_eq!(approximate_i(Iterations(1024)), 2);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn check_cache_indices() {
+        assert_eq!(cache_indices_for_count(Iterations(66))[..], [33, 66]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            cache_indices_for_count(Iterations(534))[..],
+            [134, 267, 401, 534]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_calculate_final_t() {
+        assert_eq!(calculate_final_t(Iterations(1024), 8), 128);
+        assert_eq!(calculate_final_t(Iterations(1000), 8), 126);
+        assert_eq!(calculate_final_t(Iterations(100), 8), 100);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn check_assuptions_about_stdlib() {
+        assert_eq!(62 - u64::leading_zeros(1024u64), 9);
+        let mut q: Vec<_> = (1..4).step_by(2).collect();
+        assert_eq!(q[..], [1, 3]);
+        q = (1..3).step_by(2).collect();
+        assert_eq!(q[..], [1]);
+        q = (1..2).step_by(2).collect();
+        assert_eq!(q[..], [1]);
+    }
+}

crates/vdf/src/proof_wesolowski.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+// Copyright 2018 POA Networks Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use super::proof_of_time::{iterate_squarings, serialize};
+use classgroup::{gmp_classgroup::GmpClassGroup, BigNum, BigNumExt, ClassGroup};
+use sha2::{digest::FixedOutput, Digest, Sha256};
+use std::{cmp::Eq, collections::HashMap, hash::Hash, mem, u64, usize};
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct WesolowskiVDF {
+    int_size_bits: u16,
+}
+use super::InvalidIterations as Bad;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct WesolowskiVDFParams(pub u16);
+impl super::VDFParams for WesolowskiVDFParams {
+    type VDF = WesolowskiVDF;
+    fn new(self) -> Self::VDF {
+        WesolowskiVDF {
+            int_size_bits: self.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::VDF for WesolowskiVDF {
+    fn check_difficulty(&self, _difficulty: u64) -> Result<(), Bad> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn solve(&self, challenge: &[u8], difficulty: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Bad> {
+        if difficulty > usize::MAX as u64 {
+            Err(Bad("Cannot have more that usize::MAX iterations".to_owned()))
+        } else {
+            Ok(create_proof_of_time_wesolowski::<
+                <GmpClassGroup as ClassGroup>::BigNum,
+                GmpClassGroup,
+            >(
+                challenge, difficulty as usize, self.int_size_bits
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn verify(
+        &self,
+        challenge: &[u8],
+        difficulty: u64,
+        alleged_solution: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), super::InvalidProof> {
+        check_proof_of_time_wesolowski::<<GmpClassGroup as ClassGroup>::BigNum, GmpClassGroup>(
+            challenge,
+            alleged_solution,
+            difficulty,
+            self.int_size_bits,
+        )
+        .map_err(|()| super::InvalidProof)
+    }
+}
+/// To quote the original Python code:
+///
+/// > Create `L` and `k` parameters from papers, based on how many iterations
+/// > need to be performed, and how much memory should be used.
+pub fn approximate_parameters(t: f64) -> (usize, u8, u64) {
+    let log_memory = (10_000_000.0f64).log2();
+    let log_t = (t as f64).log2();
+    let l = if log_t - log_memory > 0. {
+        2.0f64.powf(log_memory - 20.).ceil()
+    } else {
+        1.
+    };
+
+    let intermediate = t * (2.0f64).ln() / (2.0 * l);
+    let k = (intermediate.ln() - intermediate.ln().ln() + 0.25)
+        .round()
+        .max(1.);
+
+    let w = (t / (t / k + l * (2.0f64).powf(k + 1.0)) - 2.0).floor();
+    (l as _, k as _, w as _)
+}
+
+fn u64_to_bytes(q: u64) -> [u8; 8] {
+    if false {
+        // This use of `std::mem::transumte` is correct, but still not justified.
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(q.to_be()) }
+    } else {
+        [
+            (q >> 56) as u8,
+            (q >> 48) as u8,
+            (q >> 40) as u8,
+            (q >> 32) as u8,
+            (q >> 24) as u8,
+            (q >> 16) as u8,
+            (q >> 8) as u8,
+            q as u8,
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Quote:
+///
+/// > Creates a random prime based on input s.
+fn hash_prime<T: BigNum>(seed: &[&[u8]], t: u32) -> T {
+    let mut j = 0u64;
+    loop {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.input(b"prime");
+        hasher.input(u64_to_bytes(j));
+        for i in seed {
+            hasher.input(i);
+        }
+        hasher.input(t.to_be_bytes());
+        let n = T::from(&hasher.fixed_result()[..16]);
+        if n.probab_prime(1) {
+            break n;
+        }
+        j += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Quote:
+///
+/// > Get“s the ith block of `2^T // B`, such that `sum(get_block(i) * 2^(k*i))
+/// > = t^T // B`
+fn get_block<T: BigNumExt>(i: u64, k: u8, t: u64, b: &T) -> T {
+    let mut res = T::from(0);
+    let two = T::from(2);
+    res.mod_powm(&two, &T::from(t - u64::from(k) * (i + 1)), b);
+    res *= &((two >> 1) << (k as usize));
+    res / b
+}
+
+fn eval_optimized<T, U: BigNumExt, L: ClassGroup<BigNum = U> + Eq + Hash>(
+    h: &L,
+    b: &U,
+    t: usize,
+    k: u8,
+    l: usize,
+    powers: &T,
+) -> L
+where
+    T: for<'a> std::ops::Index<&'a u64, Output = L>,
+{
+    assert!(k > 0, "k cannot be zero");
+    assert!(l > 0, "l cannot be zero");
+    let kl = (k as usize)
+        .checked_mul(l)
+        .expect("computing k*l overflowed a u64");
+    assert!(kl <= u64::MAX as _);
+    assert!((kl as u64) < (1u64 << 53), "k*l overflowed an f64");
+    assert!((t as u64) < (1u64 << 53), "t overflows an f64");
+    assert!(
+        k < (mem::size_of::<usize>() << 3) as u8,
+        "k must be less than the number of bits in a usize"
+    );
+    let k1 = k >> 1;
+    let k0 = k - k1;
+    let mut x = h.identity();
+    let identity = h.identity();
+    let k_exp = 1usize << k;
+    let k0_exp = 1usize << k0;
+    let k1_exp = 1usize << k1;
+    for j in (0..l).rev() {
+        x.pow(U::from(k_exp as u64));
+        let mut ys: HashMap<U, L> = HashMap::new();
+        for b in 0..1usize << k {
+            ys.entry(U::from(b as u64))
+                .or_insert_with(|| identity.clone());
+        }
+        let end_of_loop = ((t as f64) / kl as f64).ceil() as usize;
+        assert!(end_of_loop == 0 || (end_of_loop as u64 - 1).checked_mul(l as u64).is_some());
+        for i in 0..end_of_loop {
+            if t < k as usize * (i * l + j + 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let b = get_block((i as u64) * (l as u64), k, t as _, b);
+            *ys.get_mut(&b).unwrap() *= &powers[&((i * kl) as _)];
+        }
+
+        for b1 in 0..k1_exp {
+            let mut z = identity.clone();
+            for b0 in 0..k0_exp {
+                z *= &ys[&U::from((b1 * k0_exp + b0) as u64)]
+            }
+            z.pow(U::from((b1 as u64) * (k0_exp as u64)));
+            x *= &z;
+        }
+
+        for b0 in 0..k0_exp {
+            let mut z = identity.clone();
+            for b1 in 0..k1_exp {
+                z *= &ys[&U::from((b1 * k0_exp + b0) as u64)];
+            }
+            z.pow(U::from(b0 as u64));
+            x *= &z;
+        }
+    }
+    x
+}
+
+pub fn generate_proof<U, T: BigNumExt, V: ClassGroup<BigNum = T> + Eq + Hash>(
+    x: &V,
+    iterations: u64,
+    k: u8,
+    l: usize,
+    powers: &U,
+    int_size_bits: usize,
+) -> V
+where
+    U: for<'a> std::ops::Index<&'a u64, Output = V>,
+{
+    let element_len = 2 * ((int_size_bits + 16) >> 4);
+    let mut x_buf = vec![0; element_len];
+    x.serialize(&mut x_buf[..])
+        .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    let mut y_buf = vec![0; element_len];
+    powers[&iterations]
+        .serialize(&mut y_buf[..])
+        .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    let b = hash_prime(
+        &[&x_buf[..], &y_buf[..]],
+        iterations.try_into().expect("iterations fit into u32")
+    );
+    eval_optimized(&x, &b, iterations as _, k, l, powers)
+}
+
+/// Verify a proof, according to the Wesolowski paper.
+pub fn verify_proof<T: BigNum, V: ClassGroup<BigNum = T>>(
+    mut x: V,
+    y: &V,
+    mut proof: V,
+    t: u64,
+    int_size_bits: usize,
+) -> Result<(), ()> {
+    let element_len = 2 * ((int_size_bits + 16) >> 4);
+    let mut x_buf = vec![0; element_len];
+    x.serialize(&mut x_buf[..])
+        .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    let mut y_buf = vec![0; element_len];
+    y.serialize(&mut y_buf[..])
+        .expect(super::INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    let b = hash_prime(
+        &[&x_buf[..], &y_buf[..]],
+        t.try_into().expect("iterations fit into u32")
+    );
+    let mut r = T::from(0);
+    r.mod_powm(&T::from(2u64), &T::from(t), &b);
+    proof.pow(b);
+    x.pow(r);
+    proof *= &x;
+    if &proof == y {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn create_proof_of_time_wesolowski<T: BigNumExt, V: ClassGroup<BigNum = T> + Eq + Hash>(
+    challenge: &[u8],
+    iterations: usize,
+    int_size_bits: u16,
+) -> Vec<u8>
+where
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V: std::ops::Mul<&'b V, Output = V>,
+    for<'a, 'b> &'a V::BigNum: std::ops::Mul<&'b V::BigNum, Output = V::BigNum>,
+{
+    let discriminant = super::create_discriminant::create_discriminant(&challenge, int_size_bits);
+    let x = V::from_ab_discriminant(2.into(), 1.into(), discriminant);
+    assert!((iterations as u128) < (1u128 << 53));
+    let (l, k, _) = approximate_parameters(iterations as f64);
+    let q = l.checked_mul(k as _).expect("bug");
+    let powers = iterate_squarings(
+        x.clone(),
+        (0..=iterations / q + 1)
+            .map(|i| i * q)
+            .chain(Some(iterations))
+            .map(|x| x as _),
+    );
+    let proof = generate_proof(&x, iterations as _, k, l, &powers, int_size_bits.into());
+    serialize(&[proof], &powers[&(iterations as _)], int_size_bits.into())
+}
+
+pub fn check_proof_of_time_wesolowski<T: BigNum, V: ClassGroup<BigNum = T>>(
+    challenge: &[u8],
+    proof_blob: &[u8],
+    iterations: u64,
+    int_size_bits: u16,
+) -> Result<(), ()>
+where
+    T: BigNumExt,
+{
+    let discriminant: T = super::create_discriminant::create_discriminant(challenge, int_size_bits);
+    let x = V::from_ab_discriminant(2.into(), 1.into(), discriminant.clone());
+    if (usize::MAX - 16) < int_size_bits.into() {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    let int_size = (usize::from(int_size_bits) + 16) >> 4;
+    if int_size * 4 != proof_blob.len() {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+    let (result_bytes, proof_bytes) = proof_blob.split_at(2 * int_size);
+    let proof = ClassGroup::from_bytes(proof_bytes, discriminant.clone());
+    let y = ClassGroup::from_bytes(result_bytes, discriminant);
+
+    verify_proof(x, &y, proof, iterations, int_size_bits.into())
+}

docker/rustup-init.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# shellcheck shell=dash
+# shellcheck disable=SC2039  # local is non-POSIX
+
+# This is just a little script that can be downloaded from the internet to
+# install rustup. It just does platform detection, downloads the installer
+# and runs it.
+
+# It runs on Unix shells like {a,ba,da,k,z}sh. It uses the common `local`
+# extension. Note: Most shells limit `local` to 1 var per line, contra bash.
+
+# Some versions of ksh have no `local` keyword. Alias it to `typeset`, but
+# beware this makes variables global with f()-style function syntax in ksh93.
+# mksh has this alias by default.
+has_local() {
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2034  # deliberately unused
+    local _has_local
+}
+
+has_local 2>/dev/null || alias local=typeset
+
+is_zsh() {
+    [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ]
+}
+
+set -u
+
+# If RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT is unset or empty, default it.
+RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT="${RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT:-https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup}"
+
+# NOTICE: If you change anything here, please make the same changes in setup_mode.rs
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+rustup-init 1.27.1 (a8e4f5c64 2024-04-24)
+
+The installer for rustup
+
+Usage: rustup-init[EXE] [OPTIONS]
+
+Options:
+  -v, --verbose
+          Enable verbose output
+  -q, --quiet
+          Disable progress output
+  -y
+          Disable confirmation prompt.
+      --default-host <default-host>
+          Choose a default host triple
+      --default-toolchain <default-toolchain>
+          Choose a default toolchain to install. Use 'none' to not install any toolchains at all
+      --profile <profile>
+          [default: default] [possible values: minimal, default, complete]
+  -c, --component <components>...
+          Component name to also install
+  -t, --target <targets>...
+          Target name to also install
+      --no-update-default-toolchain
+          Don't update any existing default toolchain after install
+      --no-modify-path
+          Don't configure the PATH environment variable
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+  -V, --version
+          Print version
+EOF
+}
+
+main() {
+    downloader --check
+    need_cmd uname
+    need_cmd mktemp
+    need_cmd chmod
+    need_cmd mkdir
+    need_cmd rm
+    need_cmd rmdir
+
+    get_architecture || return 1
+    local _arch="$RETVAL"
+    assert_nz "$_arch" "arch"
+
+    local _ext=""
+    case "$_arch" in
+        *windows*)
+            _ext=".exe"
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    local _url="${RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT}/dist/${_arch}/rustup-init${_ext}"
+
+    local _dir
+    if ! _dir="$(ensure mktemp -d)"; then
+        # Because the previous command ran in a subshell, we must manually
+        # propagate exit status.
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    local _file="${_dir}/rustup-init${_ext}"
+
+    local _ansi_escapes_are_valid=false
+    if [ -t 2 ]; then
+        if [ "${TERM+set}" = 'set' ]; then
+            case "$TERM" in
+                xterm*|rxvt*|urxvt*|linux*|vt*)
+                    _ansi_escapes_are_valid=true
+                ;;
+            esac
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    # check if we have to use /dev/tty to prompt the user
+    local need_tty=yes
+    for arg in "$@"; do
+        case "$arg" in
+            --help)
+                usage
+                exit 0
+                ;;
+            *)
+                OPTIND=1
+                if [ "${arg%%--*}" = "" ]; then
+                    # Long option (other than --help);
+                    # don't attempt to interpret it.
+                    continue
+                fi
+                while getopts :hy sub_arg "$arg"; do
+                    case "$sub_arg" in
+                        h)
+                            usage
+                            exit 0
+                            ;;
+                        y)
+                            # user wants to skip the prompt --
+                            # we don't need /dev/tty
+                            need_tty=no
+                            ;;
+                        *)
+                            ;;
+                        esac
+                done
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    if $_ansi_escapes_are_valid; then
+        printf "\33[1minfo:\33[0m downloading installer\n" 1>&2
+    else
+        printf '%s\n' 'info: downloading installer' 1>&2
+    fi
+
+    ensure mkdir -p "$_dir"
+    ensure downloader "$_url" "$_file" "$_arch"
+    ensure chmod u+x "$_file"
+    if [ ! -x "$_file" ]; then
+        printf '%s\n' "Cannot execute $_file (likely because of mounting /tmp as noexec)." 1>&2
+        printf '%s\n' "Please copy the file to a location where you can execute binaries and run ./rustup-init${_ext}." 1>&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$need_tty" = "yes" ] && [ ! -t 0 ]; then
+        # The installer is going to want to ask for confirmation by
+        # reading stdin.  This script was piped into `sh` though and
+        # doesn't have stdin to pass to its children. Instead we're going
+        # to explicitly connect /dev/tty to the installer's stdin.
+        if [ ! -t 1 ]; then
+            err "Unable to run interactively. Run with -y to accept defaults, --help for additional options"
+        fi
+
+        ignore "$_file" "$@" < /dev/tty
+    else
+        ignore "$_file" "$@"
+    fi
+
+    local _retval=$?
+
+    ignore rm "$_file"
+    ignore rmdir "$_dir"
+
+    return "$_retval"
+}
+
+check_proc() {
+    # Check for /proc by looking for the /proc/self/exe link
+    # This is only run on Linux
+    if ! test -L /proc/self/exe ; then
+        err "fatal: Unable to find /proc/self/exe.  Is /proc mounted?  Installation cannot proceed without /proc."
+    fi
+}
+
+get_bitness() {
+    need_cmd head
+    # Architecture detection without dependencies beyond coreutils.
+    # ELF files start out "\x7fELF", and the following byte is
+    #   0x01 for 32-bit and
+    #   0x02 for 64-bit.
+    # The printf builtin on some shells like dash only supports octal
+    # escape sequences, so we use those.
+    local _current_exe_head
+    _current_exe_head=$(head -c 5 /proc/self/exe )
+    if [ "$_current_exe_head" = "$(printf '\177ELF\001')" ]; then
+        echo 32
+    elif [ "$_current_exe_head" = "$(printf '\177ELF\002')" ]; then
+        echo 64
+    else
+        err "unknown platform bitness"
+    fi
+}
+
+is_host_amd64_elf() {
+    need_cmd head
+    need_cmd tail
+    # ELF e_machine detection without dependencies beyond coreutils.
+    # Two-byte field at offset 0x12 indicates the CPU,
+    # but we're interested in it being 0x3E to indicate amd64, or not that.
+    local _current_exe_machine
+    _current_exe_machine=$(head -c 19 /proc/self/exe | tail -c 1)
+    [ "$_current_exe_machine" = "$(printf '\076')" ]
+}
+
+get_endianness() {
+    local cputype=$1
+    local suffix_eb=$2
+    local suffix_el=$3
+
+    # detect endianness without od/hexdump, like get_bitness() does.
+    need_cmd head
+    need_cmd tail
+
+    local _current_exe_endianness
+    _current_exe_endianness="$(head -c 6 /proc/self/exe | tail -c 1)"
+    if [ "$_current_exe_endianness" = "$(printf '\001')" ]; then
+        echo "${cputype}${suffix_el}"
+    elif [ "$_current_exe_endianness" = "$(printf '\002')" ]; then
+        echo "${cputype}${suffix_eb}"
+    else
+        err "unknown platform endianness"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Detect the Linux/LoongArch UAPI flavor, with all errors being non-fatal.
+# Returns 0 or 234 in case of successful detection, 1 otherwise (/tmp being
+# noexec, or other causes).
+check_loongarch_uapi() {
+    need_cmd base64
+
+    local _tmp
+    if ! _tmp="$(ensure mktemp)"; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Minimal Linux/LoongArch UAPI detection, exiting with 0 in case of
+    # upstream ("new world") UAPI, and 234 (-EINVAL truncated) in case of
+    # old-world (as deployed on several early commercial Linux distributions
+    # for LoongArch).
+    #
+    # See https://gist.github.com/xen0n/5ee04aaa6cecc5c7794b9a0c3b65fc7f for
+    # source to this helper binary.
+    ignore base64 -d > "$_tmp" <<EOF
+f0VMRgIBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAIAAgEBAAAAeAAgAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQAAAEAAOAAB
+AAAAAAAAAAEAAAAFAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAJAAAAAAAAAAkAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AQAAAAAABCiAAwUAFQAGABUAByCAAwsYggMAACsAC3iBAwAAKwAxen0n
+EOF
+
+    ignore chmod u+x "$_tmp"
+    if [ ! -x "$_tmp" ]; then
+        ignore rm "$_tmp"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    "$_tmp"
+    local _retval=$?
+
+    ignore rm "$_tmp"
+    return "$_retval"
+}
+
+ensure_loongarch_uapi() {
+    check_loongarch_uapi
+    case $? in
+        0)
+            return 0
+            ;;
+        234)
+            echo >&2
+            echo 'Your Linux kernel does not provide the ABI required by this Rust' >&2
+            echo 'distribution.  Please check with your OS provider for how to obtain a' >&2
+            echo 'compatible Rust package for your system.' >&2
+            echo >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Warning: Cannot determine current system's ABI flavor, continuing anyway." >&2
+            echo >&2
+            echo 'Note that the official Rust distribution only works with the upstream' >&2
+            echo 'kernel ABI.  Installation will fail if your running kernel happens to be' >&2
+            echo 'incompatible.' >&2
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+get_architecture() {
+    local _ostype _cputype _bitness _arch _clibtype
+    _ostype="$(uname -s)"
+    _cputype="$(uname -m)"
+    _clibtype="gnu"
+
+    if [ "$_ostype" = Linux ]; then
+        if [ "$(uname -o)" = Android ]; then
+            _ostype=Android
+        fi
+        if ldd --version 2>&1 | grep -q 'musl'; then
+            _clibtype="musl"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$_ostype" = Darwin ]; then
+        # Darwin `uname -m` can lie due to Rosetta shenanigans. If you manage to
+        # invoke a native shell binary and then a native uname binary, you can
+        # get the real answer, but that's hard to ensure, so instead we use
+        # `sysctl` (which doesn't lie) to check for the actual architecture.
+        if [ "$_cputype" = i386 ]; then
+            # Handling i386 compatibility mode in older macOS versions (<10.15)
+            # running on x86_64-based Macs.
+            # Starting from 10.15, macOS explicitly bans all i386 binaries from running.
+            # See: <https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208436>
+
+            # Avoid `sysctl: unknown oid` stderr output and/or non-zero exit code.
+            if sysctl hw.optional.x86_64 2> /dev/null || true | grep -q ': 1'; then
+                _cputype=x86_64
+            fi
+        elif [ "$_cputype" = x86_64 ]; then
+            # Handling x86-64 compatibility mode (a.k.a. Rosetta 2)
+            # in newer macOS versions (>=11) running on arm64-based Macs.
+            # Rosetta 2 is built exclusively for x86-64 and cannot run i386 binaries.
+
+            # Avoid `sysctl: unknown oid` stderr output and/or non-zero exit code.
+            if sysctl hw.optional.arm64 2> /dev/null || true | grep -q ': 1'; then
+                _cputype=arm64
+            fi
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$_ostype" = SunOS ]; then
+        # Both Solaris and illumos presently announce as "SunOS" in "uname -s"
+        # so use "uname -o" to disambiguate.  We use the full path to the
+        # system uname in case the user has coreutils uname first in PATH,
+        # which has historically sometimes printed the wrong value here.
+        if [ "$(/usr/bin/uname -o)" = illumos ]; then
+            _ostype=illumos
+        fi
+
+        # illumos systems have multi-arch userlands, and "uname -m" reports the
+        # machine hardware name; e.g., "i86pc" on both 32- and 64-bit x86
+        # systems.  Check for the native (widest) instruction set on the
+        # running kernel:
+        if [ "$_cputype" = i86pc ]; then
+            _cputype="$(isainfo -n)"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    case "$_ostype" in
+
+        Android)
+            _ostype=linux-android
+            ;;
+
+        Linux)
+            check_proc
+            _ostype=unknown-linux-$_clibtype
+            _bitness=$(get_bitness)
+            ;;
+
+        FreeBSD)
+            _ostype=unknown-freebsd
+            ;;
+
+        NetBSD)
+            _ostype=unknown-netbsd
+            ;;
+
+        DragonFly)
+            _ostype=unknown-dragonfly
+            ;;
+
+        Darwin)
+            _ostype=apple-darwin
+            ;;
+
+        illumos)
+            _ostype=unknown-illumos
+            ;;
+
+        MINGW* | MSYS* | CYGWIN* | Windows_NT)
+            _ostype=pc-windows-gnu
+            ;;
+
+        *)
+            err "unrecognized OS type: $_ostype"
+            ;;
+
+    esac
+
+    case "$_cputype" in
+
+        i386 | i486 | i686 | i786 | x86)
+            _cputype=i686
+            ;;
+
+        xscale | arm)
+            _cputype=arm
+            if [ "$_ostype" = "linux-android" ]; then
+                _ostype=linux-androideabi
+            fi
+            ;;
+
+        armv6l)
+            _cputype=arm
+            if [ "$_ostype" = "linux-android" ]; then
+                _ostype=linux-androideabi
+            else
+                _ostype="${_ostype}eabihf"
+            fi
+            ;;
+
+        armv7l | armv8l)
+            _cputype=armv7
+            if [ "$_ostype" = "linux-android" ]; then
+                _ostype=linux-androideabi
+            else
+                _ostype="${_ostype}eabihf"
+            fi
+            ;;
+
+        aarch64 | arm64)
+            _cputype=aarch64
+            ;;
+
+        x86_64 | x86-64 | x64 | amd64)
+            _cputype=x86_64
+            ;;
+
+        mips)
+            _cputype=$(get_endianness mips '' el)
+            ;;
+
+        mips64)
+            if [ "$_bitness" -eq 64 ]; then
+                # only n64 ABI is supported for now
+                _ostype="${_ostype}abi64"
+                _cputype=$(get_endianness mips64 '' el)
+            fi
+            ;;
+
+        ppc)
+            _cputype=powerpc
+            ;;
+
+        ppc64)
+            _cputype=powerpc64
+            ;;
+
+        ppc64le)
+            _cputype=powerpc64le
+            ;;
+
+        s390x)
+            _cputype=s390x
+            ;;
+        riscv64)
+            _cputype=riscv64gc
+            ;;
+        loongarch64)
+            _cputype=loongarch64
+            ensure_loongarch_uapi
+            ;;
+        *)
+            err "unknown CPU type: $_cputype"
+
+    esac
+
+    # Detect 64-bit linux with 32-bit userland
+    if [ "${_ostype}" = unknown-linux-gnu ] && [ "${_bitness}" -eq 32 ]; then
+        case $_cputype in
+            x86_64)
+                if [ -n "${RUSTUP_CPUTYPE:-}" ]; then
+                    _cputype="$RUSTUP_CPUTYPE"
+                else {
+                    # 32-bit executable for amd64 = x32
+                    if is_host_amd64_elf; then {
+                         echo "This host is running an x32 userland; as it stands, x32 support is poor," 1>&2
+                         echo "and there isn't a native toolchain -- you will have to install" 1>&2
+                         echo "multiarch compatibility with i686 and/or amd64, then select one" 1>&2
+                         echo "by re-running this script with the RUSTUP_CPUTYPE environment variable" 1>&2
+                         echo "set to i686 or x86_64, respectively." 1>&2
+                         echo 1>&2
+                         echo "You will be able to add an x32 target after installation by running" 1>&2
+                         echo "  rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-gnux32" 1>&2
+                         exit 1
+                    }; else
+                        _cputype=i686
+                    fi
+                }; fi
+                ;;
+            mips64)
+                _cputype=$(get_endianness mips '' el)
+                ;;
+            powerpc64)
+                _cputype=powerpc
+                ;;
+            aarch64)
+                _cputype=armv7
+                if [ "$_ostype" = "linux-android" ]; then
+                    _ostype=linux-androideabi
+                else
+                    _ostype="${_ostype}eabihf"
+                fi
+                ;;
+            riscv64gc)
+                err "riscv64 with 32-bit userland unsupported"
+                ;;
+        esac
+    fi
+
+    # Detect armv7 but without the CPU features Rust needs in that build,
+    # and fall back to arm.
+    # See https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup.rs/issues/587.
+    if [ "$_ostype" = "unknown-linux-gnueabihf" ] && [ "$_cputype" = armv7 ]; then
+        if ensure grep '^Features' /proc/cpuinfo | grep -E -q -v 'neon|simd'; then
+            # At least one processor does not have NEON (which is asimd on armv8+).
+            _cputype=arm
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    _arch="${_cputype}-${_ostype}"
+
+    RETVAL="$_arch"
+}
+
+say() {
+    printf 'rustup: %s\n' "$1"
+}
+
+err() {
+    say "$1" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+need_cmd() {
+    if ! check_cmd "$1"; then
+        err "need '$1' (command not found)"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_cmd() {
+    command -v "$1" > /dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+assert_nz() {
+    if [ -z "$1" ]; then err "assert_nz $2"; fi
+}
+
+# Run a command that should never fail. If the command fails execution
+# will immediately terminate with an error showing the failing
+# command.
+ensure() {
+    if ! "$@"; then err "command failed: $*"; fi
+}
+
+# This is just for indicating that commands' results are being
+# intentionally ignored. Usually, because it's being executed
+# as part of error handling.
+ignore() {
+    "$@"
+}
+
+# This wraps curl or wget. Try curl first, if not installed,
+# use wget instead.
+downloader() {
+    # zsh does not split words by default, Required for curl retry arguments below.
+    is_zsh && setopt local_options shwordsplit
+
+    local _dld
+    local _ciphersuites
+    local _err
+    local _status
+    local _retry
+    if check_cmd curl; then
+        _dld=curl
+    elif check_cmd wget; then
+        _dld=wget
+    else
+        _dld='curl or wget' # to be used in error message of need_cmd
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$1" = --check ]; then
+        need_cmd "$_dld"
+    elif [ "$_dld" = curl ]; then
+        check_curl_for_retry_support
+        _retry="$RETVAL"
+        get_ciphersuites_for_curl
+        _ciphersuites="$RETVAL"
+        if [ -n "$_ciphersuites" ]; then
+            _err=$(curl $_retry --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 --ciphers "$_ciphersuites" --silent --show-error --fail --location "$1" --output "$2" 2>&1)
+            _status=$?
+        else
+            echo "Warning: Not enforcing strong cipher suites for TLS, this is potentially less secure"
+            if ! check_help_for "$3" curl --proto --tlsv1.2; then
+                echo "Warning: Not enforcing TLS v1.2, this is potentially less secure"
+                _err=$(curl $_retry --silent --show-error --fail --location "$1" --output "$2" 2>&1)
+                _status=$?
+            else
+                _err=$(curl $_retry --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 --silent --show-error --fail --location "$1" --output "$2" 2>&1)
+                _status=$?
+            fi
+        fi
+        if [ -n "$_err" ]; then
+            echo "$_err" >&2
+            if echo "$_err" | grep -q 404$; then
+                err "installer for platform '$3' not found, this may be unsupported"
+            fi
+        fi
+        return $_status
+    elif [ "$_dld" = wget ]; then
+        if [ "$(wget -V 2>&1|head -2|tail -1|cut -f1 -d" ")" = "BusyBox" ]; then
+            echo "Warning: using the BusyBox version of wget.  Not enforcing strong cipher suites for TLS or TLS v1.2, this is potentially less secure"
+            _err=$(wget "$1" -O "$2" 2>&1)
+            _status=$?
+        else
+            get_ciphersuites_for_wget
+            _ciphersuites="$RETVAL"
+            if [ -n "$_ciphersuites" ]; then
+                _err=$(wget --https-only --secure-protocol=TLSv1_2 --ciphers "$_ciphersuites" "$1" -O "$2" 2>&1)
+                _status=$?
+            else
+                echo "Warning: Not enforcing strong cipher suites for TLS, this is potentially less secure"
+                if ! check_help_for "$3" wget --https-only --secure-protocol; then
+                    echo "Warning: Not enforcing TLS v1.2, this is potentially less secure"
+                    _err=$(wget "$1" -O "$2" 2>&1)
+                    _status=$?
+                else
+                    _err=$(wget --https-only --secure-protocol=TLSv1_2 "$1" -O "$2" 2>&1)
+                    _status=$?
+                fi
+            fi
+        fi
+        if [ -n "$_err" ]; then
+            echo "$_err" >&2
+            if echo "$_err" | grep -q ' 404 Not Found$'; then
+                err "installer for platform '$3' not found, this may be unsupported"
+            fi
+        fi
+        return $_status
+    else
+        err "Unknown downloader"   # should not reach here
+    fi
+}
+
+check_help_for() {
+    local _arch
+    local _cmd
+    local _arg
+    _arch="$1"
+    shift
+    _cmd="$1"
+    shift
+
+    local _category
+    if "$_cmd" --help | grep -q 'For all options use the manual or "--help all".'; then
+      _category="all"
+    else
+      _category=""
+    fi
+
+    case "$_arch" in
+
+        *darwin*)
+        if check_cmd sw_vers; then
+            case $(sw_vers -productVersion) in
+                10.*)
+                    # If we're running on macOS, older than 10.13, then we always
+                    # fail to find these options to force fallback
+                    if [ "$(sw_vers -productVersion | cut -d. -f2)" -lt 13 ]; then
+                        # Older than 10.13
+                        echo "Warning: Detected macOS platform older than 10.13"
+                        return 1
+                    fi
+                    ;;
+                11.*)
+                    # We assume Big Sur will be OK for now
+                    ;;
+                *)
+                    # Unknown product version, warn and continue
+                    echo "Warning: Detected unknown macOS major version: $(sw_vers -productVersion)"
+                    echo "Warning TLS capabilities detection may fail"
+                    ;;
+            esac
+        fi
+        ;;
+
+    esac
+
+    for _arg in "$@"; do
+        if ! "$_cmd" --help "$_category" | grep -q -- "$_arg"; then
+            return 1
+        fi
+    done
+
+    true # not strictly needed
+}
+
+# Check if curl supports the --retry flag, then pass it to the curl invocation.
+check_curl_for_retry_support() {
+    local _retry_supported=""
+    # "unspecified" is for arch, allows for possibility old OS using macports, homebrew, etc.
+    if check_help_for "notspecified" "curl" "--retry"; then
+        _retry_supported="--retry 3"
+        if check_help_for "notspecified" "curl" "--continue-at"; then
+            # "-C -" tells curl to automatically find where to resume the download when retrying.
+            _retry_supported="--retry 3 -C -"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    RETVAL="$_retry_supported"
+}
+
+# Return cipher suite string specified by user, otherwise return strong TLS 1.2-1.3 cipher suites
+# if support by local tools is detected. Detection currently supports these curl backends:
+# GnuTLS and OpenSSL (possibly also LibreSSL and BoringSSL). Return value can be empty.
+get_ciphersuites_for_curl() {
+    if [ -n "${RUSTUP_TLS_CIPHERSUITES-}" ]; then
+        # user specified custom cipher suites, assume they know what they're doing
+        RETVAL="$RUSTUP_TLS_CIPHERSUITES"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local _openssl_syntax="no"
+    local _gnutls_syntax="no"
+    local _backend_supported="yes"
+    if curl -V | grep -q ' OpenSSL/'; then
+        _openssl_syntax="yes"
+    elif curl -V | grep -iq ' LibreSSL/'; then
+        _openssl_syntax="yes"
+    elif curl -V | grep -iq ' BoringSSL/'; then
+        _openssl_syntax="yes"
+    elif curl -V | grep -iq ' GnuTLS/'; then
+        _gnutls_syntax="yes"
+    else
+        _backend_supported="no"
+    fi
+
+    local _args_supported="no"
+    if [ "$_backend_supported" = "yes" ]; then
+        # "unspecified" is for arch, allows for possibility old OS using macports, homebrew, etc.
+        if check_help_for "notspecified" "curl" "--tlsv1.2" "--ciphers" "--proto"; then
+            _args_supported="yes"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    local _cs=""
+    if [ "$_args_supported" = "yes" ]; then
+        if [ "$_openssl_syntax" = "yes" ]; then
+            _cs=$(get_strong_ciphersuites_for "openssl")
+        elif [ "$_gnutls_syntax" = "yes" ]; then
+            _cs=$(get_strong_ciphersuites_for "gnutls")
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    RETVAL="$_cs"
+}
+
+# Return cipher suite string specified by user, otherwise return strong TLS 1.2-1.3 cipher suites
+# if support by local tools is detected. Detection currently supports these wget backends:
+# GnuTLS and OpenSSL (possibly also LibreSSL and BoringSSL). Return value can be empty.
+get_ciphersuites_for_wget() {
+    if [ -n "${RUSTUP_TLS_CIPHERSUITES-}" ]; then
+        # user specified custom cipher suites, assume they know what they're doing
+        RETVAL="$RUSTUP_TLS_CIPHERSUITES"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local _cs=""
+    if wget -V | grep -q '\-DHAVE_LIBSSL'; then
+        # "unspecified" is for arch, allows for possibility old OS using macports, homebrew, etc.
+        if check_help_for "notspecified" "wget" "TLSv1_2" "--ciphers" "--https-only" "--secure-protocol"; then
+            _cs=$(get_strong_ciphersuites_for "openssl")
+        fi
+    elif wget -V | grep -q '\-DHAVE_LIBGNUTLS'; then
+        # "unspecified" is for arch, allows for possibility old OS using macports, homebrew, etc.
+        if check_help_for "notspecified" "wget" "TLSv1_2" "--ciphers" "--https-only" "--secure-protocol"; then
+            _cs=$(get_strong_ciphersuites_for "gnutls")
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    RETVAL="$_cs"
+}
+
+# Return strong TLS 1.2-1.3 cipher suites in OpenSSL or GnuTLS syntax. TLS 1.2
+# excludes non-ECDHE and non-AEAD cipher suites. DHE is excluded due to bad
+# DH params often found on servers (see RFC 7919). Sequence matches or is
+# similar to Firefox 68 ESR with weak cipher suites disabled via about:config.
+# $1 must be openssl or gnutls.
+get_strong_ciphersuites_for() {
+    if [ "$1" = "openssl" ]; then
+        # OpenSSL is forgiving of unknown values, no problems with TLS 1.3 values on versions that don't support it yet.
+        echo "TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256:TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384"
+    elif [ "$1" = "gnutls" ]; then
+        # GnuTLS isn't forgiving of unknown values, so this may require a GnuTLS version that supports TLS 1.3 even if wget doesn't.
+        # Begin with SECURE128 (and higher) then remove/add to build cipher suites. Produces same 9 cipher suites as OpenSSL but in slightly different order.
+        echo "SECURE128:-VERS-SSL3.0:-VERS-TLS1.0:-VERS-TLS1.1:-VERS-DTLS-ALL:-CIPHER-ALL:-MAC-ALL:-KX-ALL:+AEAD:+ECDHE-ECDSA:+ECDHE-RSA:+AES-128-GCM:+CHACHA20-POLY1305:+AES-256-GCM"
+    fi
+}
+
+main "$@" || exit 1

node/build.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+# This script builds the node binary for the current platform and statically links it with VDF static lib.
+# Assumes that the VDF library has been built by running the generate.sh script in the `../vdf` directory.
+
+ROOT_DIR="${ROOT_DIR:-$( cd "$(dirname "$(realpath "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )")")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )}"
+
+NODE_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/node"
+BINARIES_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/target/release"
+
+pushd "$NODE_DIR" > /dev/null
+
+export CGO_ENABLED=1
+export GOEXPERIMENT=arenas 
+
+os_type="$(uname)"
+case "$os_type" in
+    "Darwin")
+        # Check if the architecture is ARM
+        if [[ "$(uname -m)" == "arm64" ]]; then
+            # MacOS ld doesn't support -Bstatic and -Bdynamic, so it's important that there is only a static version of the library
+            go build -ldflags "-linkmode 'external' -extldflags '-L$BINARIES_DIR -lvdf -ldl -lm'" "$@"
+        else
+            echo "Unsupported platform"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        ;;
+    "Linux")
+        go build -ldflags "-linkmode 'external' -extldflags '-L$BINARIES_DIR -Wl,-Bstatic -lvdf -Wl,-Bdynamic -ldl -lm'" "$@"
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "Unsupported platform"
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac

node/crypto/wesolowski_frame_prover.go

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
-	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology/pkg/vdf"
 	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/node/config"
 	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/node/keys"
 	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/node/protobufs"
 	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/node/tries"
+	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf"
 )
 
 type WesolowskiFrameProver struct {
@@ -42,9 +42,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) ProveMasterClockFrame(
 	input = append(input, previousFrame.Output[:]...)
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v := vdf.New(difficulty, b)
-	v.Execute()
-	o := v.GetOutput()
+	o := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, difficulty)
 
 	previousSelectorBytes := [516]byte{}
 	copy(previousSelectorBytes[:], previousFrame.Output[:516])
@@ -113,11 +111,10 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) VerifyMasterClockFrame(
 	}
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v := vdf.New(frame.Difficulty, b)
 	proof := [516]byte{}
 	copy(proof[:], frame.Output)
 
-	if !v.Verify(proof) {
+	if !vdf.WesolowskiVerify(b, frame.Difficulty, proof) {
 		w.logger.Error("invalid proof",
 			zap.Binary("filter", frame.Filter),
 			zap.Uint64("frame_number", frame.FrameNumber),
@@ -159,10 +156,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) CreateMasterGenesisFrame(
 	error,
 ) {
 	b := sha3.Sum256(seed)
-	v := vdf.New(difficulty, b)
-
-	v.Execute()
-	o := v.GetOutput()
+	o := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, difficulty)
 	inputMessage := o[:]
 
 	w.logger.Debug("proving genesis frame")
@@ -178,10 +172,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) CreateMasterGenesisFrame(
 	}
 
 	b = sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v = vdf.New(difficulty, b)
-
-	v.Execute()
-	o = v.GetOutput()
+	o = vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, difficulty)
 
 	frame := &protobufs.ClockFrame{
 		Filter:      filter,
@@ -248,10 +239,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) ProveDataClockFrame(
 	input = append(input, commitmentInput...)
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v := vdf.New(difficulty, b)
-
-	v.Execute()
-	o := v.GetOutput()
+	o := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, difficulty)
 
 	// TODO: make this configurable for signing algorithms that allow
 	// user-supplied hash functions
@@ -341,10 +329,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) CreateDataGenesisFrame(
 	}
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v := vdf.New(difficulty, b)
-
-	v.Execute()
-	o := v.GetOutput()
+	o := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, difficulty)
 
 	commitments := []*protobufs.InclusionCommitment{}
 	for i, commit := range inclusionProof.InclusionCommitments {
@@ -438,7 +423,6 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) VerifyDataClockFrame(
 	}
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input)
-	v := vdf.New(frame.Difficulty, b)
 	proof := [516]byte{}
 	copy(proof[:], frame.Output)
 
@@ -458,7 +442,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) VerifyDataClockFrame(
 			)
 		}
 	}
-	if !v.Verify(proof) {
+	if !vdf.WesolowskiVerify(b, frame.Difficulty, proof) {
 		return errors.Wrap(
 			errors.New("invalid proof"),
 			"verify clock frame",
@@ -585,11 +569,10 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) VerifyWeakRecursiveProof(
 	}
 
 	b := sha3.Sum256(input[:len(input)-516])
-	v := vdf.New(difficulty, b)
 	output := [516]byte{}
 	copy(output[:], input[len(input)-516:])
 
-	if v.Verify(output) {
+	if vdf.WesolowskiVerify(b, difficulty, output) {
 		w.logger.Debug("verification succeeded")
 		return true
 	} else {
@@ -613,10 +596,7 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) CalculateChallengeProof(
 	instanceInput := binary.BigEndian.AppendUint32([]byte{}, core)
 	instanceInput = append(instanceInput, input...)
 	b := sha3.Sum256(instanceInput)
-	v := vdf.New(uint32(calibratedDifficulty), b)
-
-	v.Execute()
-	o := v.GetOutput()
+	o := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(b, uint32(calibratedDifficulty))
 
 	output := make([]byte, 516)
 	copy(output[:], o[:])
@@ -654,15 +634,13 @@ func (w *WesolowskiFrameProver) VerifyChallengeProof(
 		skew := (assertedDifficulty * 12) / 10
 		calibratedDifficulty := (int64(proofDuration) * 10000) / skew
 
-		v := vdf.New(uint32(calibratedDifficulty), b)
-		check := v.Verify([516]byte(proof[i]))
+		check := vdf.WesolowskiVerify(b, uint32(calibratedDifficulty), [516]byte(proof[i]))
 		if !check {
 			// TODO: Remove after 2024-05-28
 			if time.Now().Before(config.GetMinimumVersionCutoff()) {
 				calibratedDifficulty = (int64(proofDuration) / skew) * 10000
 
-				v = vdf.New(uint32(calibratedDifficulty), sha3.Sum256(input))
-				check = v.Verify([516]byte(proof[i]))
+				check = vdf.WesolowskiVerify(sha3.Sum256(input), uint32(calibratedDifficulty), [516]byte(proof[i]))
 				if !check {
 					return false
 				}

node/go.mod

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ go 1.20
 // A necessary hack until source.quilibrium.com is open to all
 replace source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology => ../nekryptology
 
+replace source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf => ../vdf
+
 replace github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p => ../go-libp2p
 
 replace github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-gostream => ../go-libp2p-gostream
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ require (
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 	source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/go-libp2p-blossomsub v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
 	source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+	source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
 )
 
 require (
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/quic-go/qtls-go1-19 v0.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/qtls-go1-20 v0.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.16.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.21.0
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/pbnjay/memory v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58 // indirect
+	github.com/pbnjay/memory v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.16.0 // indirect
@@ -164,14 +167,14 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/fx v1.20.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.26.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.16.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.12.1-0.20230815132531-74c255bcf846 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d // indirect
 	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.11.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.2
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.2.1 // indirect

node/go.sum

@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeME
 github.com/gliderlabs/ssh v0.1.1/go.mod h1:U7qILu1NlMHj9FlMhZLlkCdDnU1DBEAqr0aevW3Awn0=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.0.1/go.mod h1:f4zRHt4oKfwPJE5k8C9vpYG+aDHdBFUsgrm6/TyX73Q=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2 h1:J6MZopCL4uSllY1OfXM374weqZFFItUbrImctkmUxIA=
+github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.1/go.mod h1:WYhtIu8zTZfxdn5+rREduYbwxfcBr/Vr6KEVveWlfTs=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4 h1:g01GSCwiDw2xSZfjJ2/T9M+S6pFdcNtFYsp+Y43HYDQ=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.3/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-github v17.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:zLgOLi98H3fifZn+44m+umXrS52loVEgC2AApnigrVQ=
 github.com/google/go-querystring v1.0.0/go.mod h1:odCYkC5MyYFN7vkCjXpyrEuKhc/BUO6wN/zVPAxq5ck=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
@@ -229,11 +231,14 @@ github.com/jbenet/goprocess v0.1.4/go.mod h1:5yspPrukOVuOLORacaBi858NqyClJPQxYZl
 github.com/jellevandenhooff/dkim v0.0.0-20150330215556-f50fe3d243e1/go.mod h1:E0B/fFc00Y+Rasa88328GlI/XbtyysCtTHZS8h7IrBU=
 github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v0.0.0-20141203071132-1679536dcc89/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
 github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v1.4.0/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
+github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0/go.mod h1:J/6gKK9jxlEcS3zixgDgUAsiuZ7yrSoa/FX5e0EB2j4=
 github.com/jrick/logrotate v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LNinyqDIJnpAur+b8yyulnQw/wDuN1+BYKlTRt3OuAQ=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.6/go.mod h1:+SdeFBvtyEkXs7REEP0seUULqWtbJapLOCVDaaPEHmU=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
 github.com/jstemmer/go-junit-report v0.0.0-20190106144839-af01ea7f8024/go.mod h1:6v2b51hI/fHJwM22ozAgKL4VKDeJcHhJFhtBdhmNjmU=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible h1:xdiiI2gbIgH/gLH7ADydsJ1uDOEzR8yvV7C0MuV77Wo=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
+github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter v1.3.0/go.mod h1:JR6WtHb+2LUe8TCKY3cZOxFyyO8IZAc4RVcycCCAKdM=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.2.0/go.mod h1:/BMXB+zMLi60iA8Vv6Ksmxu/1UDYcXs4uQLJ+jE2L00=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
@@ -315,6 +320,7 @@ github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 h1:6kaan5IFmwTNynnKKpDHe6FWHohJOHhCPchzK49dz
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Pz6AKMiUdngCLpeTL/RJY1M9rUuPMYujV5xJjtbRSN8=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.1/go.mod h1:bx2lNnkwVCuqBIxFjflWJWanXIb3RllmbCylyMrvgv0=
+github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
 github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.1.2/go.mod h1:BinMc/sQntlIE1frQmRFPUoPA1Zkr8VRgBdjWI2mNwc=
 github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.1.3/go.mod h1:BinMc/sQntlIE1frQmRFPUoPA1Zkr8VRgBdjWI2mNwc=
 github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 h1:T/HDJBh4ZCPbU39/+c3rRvE0uKBQlU27+QI8LJ4t64o=
@@ -353,6 +359,7 @@ github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.1/go.mod h1:3Ls8CIEsrijN6+B7PbrXRPxHRPuXS
 github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.5/go.mod h1:3Ls8CIEsrijN6+B7PbrXRPxHRPuXSrVKRY101jdMZYE=
 github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7 h1:sWSGR+f/eu5ABZA2ZpYKBILXTTs9JWpdEM/nEGOHFS8=
 github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7/go.mod h1:r8PUYw/fD/SjBCiKOoDlGF6QawOELpZAu9eioSos/OU=
+github.com/mwitkow/go-conntrack v0.0.0-20190716064945-2f068394615f/go.mod h1:qRWi+5nqEBWmkhHvq77mSJWrCKwh8bxhgT7d/eI7P4U=
 github.com/neelance/astrewrite v0.0.0-20160511093645-99348263ae86/go.mod h1:kHJEU3ofeGjhHklVoIGuVj85JJwZ6kWPaJwCIxgnFmo=
 github.com/neelance/sourcemap v0.0.0-20151028013722-8c68805598ab/go.mod h1:Qr6/a/Q4r9LP1IltGz7tA7iOK1WonHEYhu1HRBA7ZiM=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.6.0/go.mod h1:lLunBs/Ym6LB5Z9jYTR76FiuTmxDTDusOGeTQH+WWjE=
@@ -512,6 +519,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0 h1:PGVlW0xEltQnzFZ55hkuX5+KLyrMYhHld1YHO4AKcdc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:R0j02AL6hcrfOiy9T4ZYp/rcWeMxM3L6QYxlOuEG1mg=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 h1:mnl8DM0o513X8fdIkmyFE/5hTYxbwYOjDS/+rK6qpRI=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0/go.mod h1:Z1PMYSOR5nyMcyAVAIQSKCDwalqy85Aqn1x3Ws4L5DM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 h1:m64FZMko/V45gv0bNmrNYoDEq8U5YUhetc9cBWKS1TQ=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63/go.mod h1:0v4NqG35kSWCMzLaMeX+IQrlSnVE/bqGSyC2cz/9Le8=
@@ -528,6 +537,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0 h1:rmsUpXtvNzj340zd98LZ4KntptpfRHwpFOHG188oHXc=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 h1:zY54UmvipHiNd+pm+m0x9KhZ9hl1/7QNMyxXbc6ICqA=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180719180050-a680a1efc54d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -548,6 +559,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.20.0 h1:aCL9BSgETF1k+blQaYUBx9hJ9LOGP3gAVemcZlf1Kpo=
 golang.org/x/net v0.20.0/go.mod h1:z8BVo6PvndSri0LbOE3hAn0apkU+1YvI6E70E9jsnvY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.25.0 h1:d/OCCoBEUq33pjydKrGQhw7IlUPI2Oylr+8qLx49kac=
+golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20181017192945-9dcd33a902f4/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20181203162652-d668ce993890/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
@@ -563,6 +576,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0 h1:5BMeUDZ7vkXGfEr1x9B4bRcTH4lpkTkpdh0T/J+qjbQ=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 h1:YsImfSBoP9QPYL0xyKJPq0gcaJdG3rInoqxTWbfQu9M=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180810173357-98c5dad5d1a0/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -585,14 +600,20 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.16.0 h1:xWw16ngr6ZMtmxDyKyIgsE93KNKz5HKmMa3b8ALHidU=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.16.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 h1:rF+pYz3DAGSQAxAu1CbC7catZg4ebC4UIeIhKxBZvws=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.16.0 h1:m+B6fahuftsE9qjo0VWp2FW0mB3MTJvR0BaMQrq0pmE=
 golang.org/x/term v0.16.0/go.mod h1:yn7UURbUtPyrVJPGPq404EukNFxcm/foM+bV/bfcDsY=
+golang.org/x/term v0.21.0 h1:WVXCp+/EBEHOj53Rvu+7KiT/iElMrO8ACK16SMZ3jaA=
+golang.org/x/term v0.21.0/go.mod h1:ooXLefLobQVslOqselCNF4SxFAaoS6KujMbsGzSDmX0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 h1:ScX5w1eTa3QqT8oi6+ziP7dTV1S2+ALU0bI+0zXKWiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.16.0 h1:a94ExnEXNtEwYLGJSIUxnWoxoRz/ZcCsV63ROupILh4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.16.0/go.mod h1:GhwF1Be+LQoKShO3cGOHzqOgRrGaYc9AvblQOmPVHnI=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180828015842-6cd1fcedba52/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -616,6 +637,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.12.1-0.20230815132531-74c255bcf846 h1:Vve/L0v7CXXuxUmaMGIEK/dEeq7uiqb5qBgQrZzIE7E=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.12.1-0.20230815132531-74c255bcf846/go.mod h1:Sc0INKfu04TlqNoRA1hgpFZbhYXHPr4V5DzpSBTPqQM=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d h1:vU5i/LfpvrRCpgM/VPfJLg5KjxD3E+hfT1SH+d9zLwg=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=

node/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+# Run tests for the node package. Takes care of linking the native VDF. 
+# Assumes that the VDF library has been built by running the generate.sh script in the `../vdf` directory.
+
+ROOT_DIR="${ROOT_DIR:-$( cd "$(dirname "$(realpath "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )")")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )}"
+
+NODE_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/node"
+BINARIES_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/target/release"
+
+# Link the native VDF and execute tests
+pushd "$NODE_DIR" > /dev/null
+	CGO_LDFLAGS="-L$BINARIES_DIR -lvdf -ldl" \
+	CGO_ENABLED=1 \
+	GOEXPERIMENT=arenas \
+  go test "$@"

vdf/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+generated

vdf/REAMDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# VDF
+
+Wrapper for the Rust implementation of the VDF (Verifiable Delay Function) in [crates/vdf](../crates/vdf).
+
+## Generate Go bindings
+
+```sh
+go generate
+``` 

vdf/generate.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR="${ROOT_DIR:-$( cd "$(dirname "$(realpath "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )")")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )}"
+
+RUST_VDF_PACKAGE="$ROOT_DIR/crates/vdf"
+BINDINGS_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/vdf"
+
+# Build the Rust VDF package in release mode
+RUSTFLAGS='-L /opt/homebrew/Cellar/gmp/6.3.0/lib' cargo build -p vdf --release
+
+# Generate Go bindings
+pushd "$RUST_VDF_PACKAGE" > /dev/null
+uniffi-bindgen-go src/lib.udl -o "$BINDINGS_DIR"/generated

vdf/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf
+
+go 1.20
+
+// A necessary hack until source.quilibrium.com is open to all
+replace source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology => ../nekryptology
+
+require (
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 // indirect
+	source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000 // indirect
+)

vdf/go.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 h1:mnl8DM0o513X8fdIkmyFE/5hTYxbwYOjDS/+rK6qpRI=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0/go.mod h1:Z1PMYSOR5nyMcyAVAIQSKCDwalqy85Aqn1x3Ws4L5DM=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 h1:rF+pYz3DAGSQAxAu1CbC7catZg4ebC4UIeIhKxBZvws=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=

vdf/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+# Run tests for the vdf package. Takes care of linking the native VDF. 
+# Assumes that the VDF library has been built by running the generate.sh script in the same directory.
+
+ROOT_DIR="${ROOT_DIR:-$( cd "$(dirname "$(realpath "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )")")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )}"
+
+NODE_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/vdf"
+BINARIES_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/target/release"
+
+# Link the native VDF and execute tests
+pushd "$NODE_DIR" > /dev/null
+	CGO_LDFLAGS="-L$BINARIES_DIR -lvdf -ldl" \
+	CGO_ENABLED=1 \
+	GOEXPERIMENT=arenas \
+  go test "$@"

vdf/vdf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package vdf
+
+import (
+	generated "source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf/generated/vdf"
+)
+
+//go:generate ./generate.sh
+
+const intSizeBits = uint16(2048)
+
+// WesolowskiSolve Solve and prove with the Wesolowski VDF using the given parameters.
+// Outputs the concatenated solution and proof (in this order).
+func WesolowskiSolve(challenge [32]byte, difficulty uint32) [516]byte {
+	return [516]byte(generated.WesolowskiSolve(intSizeBits, challenge[:], difficulty))
+}
+
+// WesolowskiVerify Verify with the Wesolowski VDF using the given parameters.
+// `allegedSolution` is the output of `WesolowskiSolve`.
+func WesolowskiVerify(challenge [32]byte, difficulty uint32, allegedSolution [516]byte) bool {
+	return generated.WesolowskiVerify(intSizeBits, challenge[:], difficulty, allegedSolution[:])
+}

vdf/vdf_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package vdf_test
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	nekrovdf "source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/nekryptology/pkg/vdf"
+	"source.quilibrium.com/quilibrium/monorepo/vdf"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func getChallenge(seed string) [32]byte {
+	return sha3.Sum256([]byte(seed))
+}
+
+func TestProveVerify(t *testing.T) {
+	difficulty := uint32(10000)
+	challenge := getChallenge("TestProveVerify")
+	solution := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(challenge, difficulty)
+	isOk := vdf.WesolowskiVerify(challenge, difficulty, solution)
+	if !isOk {
+		t.Fatalf("Verification failed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProveRustVerifyNekro(t *testing.T) {
+	difficulty := uint32(100)
+	challenge := getChallenge("TestProveRustVerifyNekro")
+
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		solution := vdf.WesolowskiSolve(challenge, difficulty)
+		nekroVdf := nekrovdf.New(difficulty, challenge)
+		isOk := nekroVdf.Verify(solution)
+		if !isOk {
+			t.Fatalf("Verification failed")
+		}
+		challenge = sha3.Sum256(solution[:])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProveNekroVerifyRust(t *testing.T) {
+	difficulty := uint32(100)
+	challenge := getChallenge("TestProveNekroVerifyRust")
+
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		nekroVdf := nekrovdf.New(difficulty, challenge)
+		nekroVdf.Execute()
+		proof := nekroVdf.GetOutput()
+		isOk := vdf.WesolowskiVerify(challenge, difficulty, proof)
+		if !isOk {
+			t.Fatalf("Verification failed")
+		}
+		challenge = sha3.Sum256(proof[:])
+	}
+}